ap human Geo unit 5,7,8

Race

A socially created category based on physical traits like skin color.

Ethnicity

A group of people who share culture such as language, religion, traditions or history

How are race and ethnicity similar?

Both are social constructs meaning society created the categories

Categories meaning

Are fluid meaning they can change over time and place

How do ethnic groups and nations similar

They both mean the same thing and refer to people who share a common cluster and identity

Where are ethnicities clustered in the United States? African Americans

Southeastern us and large cities

Where are ethicities clustered in the United States? Hispanic/ Latino Americans

Southwest (Texas. California) and cities

Where are ethnicities clustered in the United States? Asian Americans

West coast( California, Washington) and cities

How do clusters happen

Due to migration, jobs and family ties and culture

Reapportionment

Redrawing voting district based on population changes (usually after the census).

What’s the goal for reapportionment

Make representation fair

Gerrymandering

Redrawing voting districts to benefit one political party or group

What is gerrymandering considered ?

Unfair

How are ethnic identities preserved?

Neolocalism

Meaning of neolocalism

People try to bring back and protect local culture

Examples of neolcalism

Ethnic neighborhoods (Chinatown, little Italy)

Cultural festivals

traditional food and language

Succession —→

Barrioization

Succession

When one ethnic group moves out of a neighborhood and another moves in

Barrioization

A neighborhood becomes mostly Hispanic/ Latino due to succession

Queer theory

Studies how sexual identity affects society and space

Impact on politics and cultural landscape on queer theory?

Laws about lgtbq rights

Pride parades

Lgtbq neighborhoods

Shows how culture shapes place

Dowry deaths

Occurs when woman are harmed or killed over dowry disputed

Where are dowry death most common to happen?

South Asia

What is dowry death linked too?

Gender inequality and cultural pressure

What is apartheid ?

Is a system of legal racial segregation where non white citizens had fewer rights and freedoms and ended in the early 1990’s

Where was the apartheid system placed in?

South Africa

How did Great Britain divide South Asia?

Britain divided South Asia based on religious lines like Hindi’s (Hindu) and Pakistan (mostly Muslim)

What did the the divide of South Asia caused ?

Violence, mass migration and long term conflicts

Israel and Palestine conflicts was

Over land and religion

Rohingya in Myanmar conflict was

Muslim minors persecuted by the government

Why is religion used for ?

To divide groups even when politics is involved

Self determination

The belief that a group should rule itself

What happens when groups gain self rule

Can lead to state sovereignty

State sovereignty meaning

A country right to govern itself without outside control

What is ethnic cleansing?

The forced removal of an ethnic group from an area

What is the extreme form of completing ethnic cleansing?

Genocide

What is the goal of ethnic cleansing?

Make. Region ethnically pure

What is the world system theory ?

The world Economy is divide into core, periphery semi periphery.

Who created the world system theory?

Immanuel wallestein

Core:

Rich, industrial countries and powerful

Periphery

Poor countries that provide labor and raw materials

Semi periphery

Developing in between countries

Where did this world systems theory come from

Colonialism where powerful countries controlled weaker ones

Nation

Group of people who share culture, language, history or religion

State

An area with borders a government and control over land

Nation- state

A country where most people share the same culture. And it’s hard to achieve because many countries have many cultures

Example of nation state

Japan, Denmark, Iceland

Multinational state

A country with many different nations inside it and ex: Russia and United States

multistate nations

One nation split across countries ex: Koreans north and South Korea, Kurds

Stateless nations

Mo official country ex: Kurds and Palestinians

How does Taiwan act like ?

It’s own country but not recognized by the UN

Devolution——>

Balkanization

Devolution——> Balkanization

When a central government gives power to regional governments and happens to reduce conflict or because people want independence. Which then lead to Balkanization

Success ex:

Devolution——> Balkanization

Scotland more self rule

Failure ex:

Devolution——> Balkanization

Yogoalavia breaking apart

China on paper

One chain one country

Twain in reality

Taiwan governs itself and it’s not officially recognized by the United Nations

Large states Russia

Pros more resources and stronger military

Cons is harder to govern more conflict

Small states micro states

Pros easier to manage

Cons fewer resources less power

Artificial superimposed boundaries in Africa. Who drew the borders

Europeans

When did the Europeans decide the borders

At the Berlin conference and didn’t considered the tribes or culture

What did the Europeans douse because of the borders

Conflicts today and redrawing borders is risky because it can cause more violence

Compact

Easy to govern (poland)

Elongated

Long and narrow (chile)

Fragmented

Broke into pieces ( Indonesia)

Perforated

One country surrounds another( South Africa and Lesotho)

Prorupted

Compact with a long extension( Thailand )

Physical and natural boundaries

Rivers mountains

Geometric boundary

Straight lines

Relic boundaries

No longer used Berlin Wall

Superimposed boundaries

Forced boundaries

Cultural boundaries

Based on language or religion

Why are maritime boundaries important today

Countries control water for oil fishing and trade

12 miles territorial waters

200 miles exclusive economic zone ezz

Caused conflicts in South China Sea and Arctic Ocean

Antarctica

Not owned by any country

Protected by the Antarctic treaty

What is Antarctica only used for

Science and research

What is shatterbelt

Region caught between competing powerful countries like during the Cold War Eastern Europe

Unitary

String central government (France )

Federal

power shared with states (United States)

Devolution pushes countries into

Federal system

Centripetal forces

Unite a country shared a language, education and nationalism

Centrifugal forces

Divicide a country ethnic conflict, inequality

European boundary changes after WWll

Borders redrawn based on language Russians tried to use language as a uniting force did not work well.

Where did British struggle during decolonization

India

Reapportionment

Redrawing districts based on population changes

Gerrymandering

Redrawing districts to benefit a political party

UN

Peace

NATO

Military

EU

Economy

OPEC

Oil

Heart land theory

Control the center of erasia= world power

Organic theory (ratzel)

Countries need land to grow

Rimland theory

Control coastal areas= world power