Untitled Flashcards Set

Hawthorne Effect

The increase in performance of people when they are noticed, watched, and paid attention to by researchers or supervisors.

Elton Mayo

Conducted studies at Western Electric's Hawthorne Works which led to the identification of the Hawthorne Effect.

Job Interview Styles

Different methods and approaches used during job interviews to evaluate candidates.

Team Diversity Cons

Diversity can introduce communication and interpersonal-relationship problems.

Team Diversity Pros

Diversity can increase the team’s skill set.

Hoogendoom, Oosterbeek, & van Praag (2013)

Found that gender-balanced teams performed better than predominantly male teams.

Problem Resolution Teams

Teams created for the purpose of solving a particular problem.

Creative Teams

Teams used to develop innovative possibilities or solutions.

Tactical Teams

Teams used to execute a well-defined plan or objective.

Virtual Team Research

Examines how geographically disparate groups using digital communications technology function.

Eustress

'Good stress', associated with positive feelings, optimal health, and motivation to perform well.

Distress

'Bad' stress, causing burnout, fatigue, exhaustion, and performance decline.

Fight or Flight Response

Set of physiological reactions that occur when a person encounters a perceived threat.

Walter Cannon

First identified the body's physiological reactions to stress and articulated the fight-or-flight response.

Hans Selye

Developed the General Adaptation Syndrome model to describe the body's response to stress.

Alarm Reaction

The body’s immediate reaction to a threat providing energy to manage the situation.

Resistance

The body's adjustment to a stressor while remaining prepared to respond.

Exhaustion

Occurs when a person can no longer adapt to the stressor, leading to physical wear and potential illness.

Psychological Disorder Definition

A condition characterized by thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are atypical, dysfunctional, or dangerous.

Harmful Dysfunction

Dysfunction leading to negative consequences for the individual or others as judged by cultural standards.

American Psychological Association (APA) Definition

A psychological disorder consists of disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that lead to significant distress or disability.

Comorbidity

The co-occurrence of two disorders in an individual.

Supernatural Perspective

Historical view attributing psychological disorders to forces beyond scientific understanding.

Biological Perspective

View that psychological disorders are linked to genetic, chemical, and brain abnormalities.

Diathesis-Stress Model

Predicts the likelihood of a disorder based on biological and psychosocial factors.

Specific Phobias

Excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation.

Acrophobia

Fear of heights.

Aerophobia

Fear of flying.

Arachnophobia

Fear of spiders.

Claustrophobia

Fear of enclosed spaces.

Agoraphobia

Intense fear and avoidance of situations where escape might be difficult.

Depressive Disorders

Mood disorders characterized by intense and persistent sadness.

Bipolar and Related Disorders

Mood disorders characterized by extreme elation and agitation.

Manic Episode

A distinct period of abnormally elevated mood and increased activity lasting at least one week.

Major Depressive Disorder

Characterized by depressed mood most of the day nearly every day for at least two weeks.

Prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder

Affects 6.6% of the U.S. population each year and 16.9% over a lifetime.

Risk Factors for Depression

Include unemployment, low income, urban living, and relationship status.

Seasonal Pattern Depression

Depressive symptoms that occur only during a specific time of year.

Peripartum Onset (Postpartum Depression)

Major depression occurring during pregnancy or shortly after childbirth.

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Chronically low mood lasting for at least two years with additional symptoms.

Genetic Risk for Depression

Relatives of individuals with Major Depressive Disorder have double the risk.

Cortisol and Depression

Elevated cortisol levels are associated with depression, affecting brain regions related to emotion.

Neurotransmitter Imbalances

Mood disorders often involve imbalances in serotonin and norepinephrine.

Medications for Depression

Typically increase serotonin and norepinephrine activity in the brain.

Lithium Medications

Used for bipolar disorder to block norepinephrine activity.

Amygdala's Role in Depression

Involved in emotional processing; more reactive to negative stimuli in depressed individuals.

Biomedical Therapies

Treatments involving psychotropic medications for psychological disorders.

Psychotropic Medications

Used to manage symptoms of psychological disorders but do not cure them.

Antipsychotics

Medications that treat psychotic symptoms by blocking dopamine.

Atypical Antipsychotics

Target both dopamine and serotonin receptors to treat schizophrenia negative symptoms.

Stimulants

Medications that enhance focus and attention, commonly used to treat ADHD.

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Induces seizures to help alleviate severe depression.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells and improve depression symptoms.

Evidence-Based Practice

Clinical decision-making based on the best available research evidence.