General Psy Exam 3

The tendency to maintain a balance or optimal level within a biological system 

homeostasis

Awareness of internal and external stimuli, such as thoughts, emotions, hunger, or things happening around us

consciousness

What is a regular feeling of hunger an example of

 An internal cycle of biological activity controlled by circadian rhythms

Is sleep deprived associated with obesity or has it been found to lead to ADHD? 

Sleep deprivation is associated with obesity.

Are most people awake during the day or night in the circadian cycle?

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night.

What are the symptoms of jet lag

Fatigue, sluggishness, and irritability

When is melatonin released and what is it inhibited by? 

Melatonin is released in darkness and inhibited by light.

Which psychodynamic theorist proposed the idea of a collective unconscious that is shared by all members of the human species? 

Carl Jung

What happens to our respiration and heartbeat during stage 1 sleep?

 They slow down.

What are you likely to experience during stage 2 sleep? 

Sleep spindles and K-complexes.

What happens during REM?

Rapid eye movement occurs and brain activity looks similar to wakefulness.

What is latent content?

The hidden meaning of a dream.

What is Rosalind Cartwright known as?

 A sleep and dreaming researcher who believed dreams reflect important life events.

What occurs when an individual’s airway becomes blocked during sleep?

 Sleep apnea.

What are three examples of parasomnias?

 Sleepwalking, Restless leg syndrome, Night terrors

What sleep disorder has symptoms of kicking and punching while asleep?

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD).

What are night terrors?

A sleep disorder where the sleeper feels intense panic and may scream or try to escape

What is narcolepsy associated with?

 Cataplexy (sudden muscle weakness or paralysis).

What is tolerance?

Needing increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect.

What is alcohol an example of?

A depressant.

What is cocaine an example of?

 a stimulant 

What is Mescaline an example of?

 a hallucinogen 

What is the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis?

Hypnosis occurs because people expect and believe they will respond to the hypnotist.

Do individuals under hypnosis have control of their behaviors? 

Yes, they remain in control of their behavior.

What is dissociative theory?

Hypnosis splits consciousness so one part responds to suggestions while another remains aware.

What is the definition of learning?

A change in behavior or knowledge due to experience.

What are two examples of instincts?

sexual activity, and migration 

What is the contracting of the pupil an example of?

 a reflex 

What are two for of associative learning? 

 classical conditioning and operant conditioning 

In Pavlov’s classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word 

Learned

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite dessert in the oven, but no when you smell the garbage. What is this an example of?

stimulus discrimination

What is an example of extinction?

The conditioned response decreases when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

What study was demonstrated that showed emotion being a conditioned response. 

The Little Albert experiment by John B. Watson.

What is evolutionary theory?

It explains conditioning as an adaptation helping organisms avoid harmful things.

What is classical conditioning according to Rescorla?

Learning occurs when organisms predict the relationship between stimuli.

Is acquisition and extinction thought of being the same or opposite? 

they are opposites  

What is an example of negative reinforcement?

Taking pain medicine to remove a headache.

What is the definition of shaping?

Rewarding successive approximations toward a desired behavior.

What qualities does primary reinforcers have?

They have innate reinforcing value (food, water, shelter, sex).

What type of learning is not observable in behavior when it occurs?

Latent learning

What is partial reinforcement?

when a response is reinforced only some of the time

What is an example of a continuous reinforcement schedule?

Giving a dog a treat every time it sits.

What is a fixed interval reinforcement schedule? 

 Reward is given after a set amount of time.

What is an example of variable ratio?

 Gambling or slot machines (reward after an unpredictable number of responses).

What is an example of cognitive map?

 Remembering the layout of a campus or city in your mind.

Is B.F. Skinner famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning or because he placed hungry rates in a maze? 

For demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

 Behavior is influenced by its consequences (reinforcement or punishment).

What is an example of observational learning? 

 A child learning to tie shoes by watching a parent.

What is the definition of model?

A person who performs a behavior that others imitate.

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

 People learn new behaviors by observing others.