working memory and PFC

short-term memory is super quick and stores information briefly. Working memory is related to short-term memory, but it lasts slightly [blanker] and is involved in the manipulation of information

longer

the [blank] enlarges in evolution and is ~30% of cerebral cortex in human brain, is associated with development of language, cognitive capacity and personality, and is a site of dysfunction in mental disorders, dementias & depression

prefrontal cortex (PFC)

the [blank] test is a PFC function test that measures ability to change rules

wisconsin card sorting

prefrontal cortex patients were greatly impaired with increasing delays while [blank] patients were only impaired at the longest delay in a delayed auditory sample matching task

hippocampus

monkeys with lateral prefrontal cortex lesions had severe deficits in performance of the tasks while lesions of [blank] cortex or temporal lobes had no such effects

premotor

[blanking] via cryogenic depression of the dorsalateral prefrontal cortex greatly increased the rate of errors

cooling

limitations of cryogenic depression include cooling spread to adjacent cortical areas, cannot be applied correctly to deep tissue (like principal sulcus), studies showed [blank] at the borders of the cooled area, and lack of effects can always be false negatives

hyperactivity

[blank] imaging found that the PFC (and SMA) was specialized for working memory

functional neural

the topography of human cognition in the PFC goes from top to bottom: smooth pursuit eye tracking (6,4), spatial memory (9, 8), [blank] memory (10, 46), and verbal memory (47, 45, 44)

object

fluorescent imaging studies found a significantly higher number of [blanks] in the frontal and temporal lobes, only a small amount more in the occipital lobe

dendritic spines

Prefrontal cortex lacks direct [blank] afferents and the PFC, temporal, and parietal cortices lack as much layer IV neurons which receives information from the thalamus. reliant on cortical-cortical connections instead

thalamocortical

in the delayed memory task there are three phases: cue, [blank] activity, and response. 

working memory

The physiology of [blank] representation is in the dlPFC

mental

This unique firing property in the sub-population of PFC neurons is thought to be [blank] activity, the presumptive mechanism of working memory

persistent

[blank] excitation is the neural basis of persistent activity

recurrent

reciprocal relationship between pyramidal cells and [blank] interneurons in the dlPFC

GABAergic

[blank] afferents are in cortical and subcortical regions while non-glutamatergic afferents include DA, 5-HT, NE, Ach, etc

glutamatergic

PFC uniquely receives dense [blank] innervation and its development is temporally delayed until adolescence and early adulthood

dopamine

most of the synapses between pyramidal neurons exhibit short-term [blank]

depression

[blank] receptors play critical role in maintaining persistent activity, they have much longer delay than AMPA receptors and therefore have more temporal summation

NMDA

NMDA EPSCs in PFC neurons show significantly larger charge transfer compared with those from [blank]

primary visual (V1)

NMDAR functional properties are determined by [blank] composition

subunit

Higher proportion of [blank]-containing NMDARs at PFC recurrent synapses in adult but not young rats

NR2B

Unlike V1 where NR2B subunits exhibit significant decrease in the adult, PFC shows [blank] levels of NR2B protein expression in both young and adult animals

similar

Blockade of NR2B, but not AMPARs, completely shut down the task-related (preferred direction) firing of [blank] cells in the primate dorsolateral PFC

Delay

Over-expression of NR2B enhances LTP and improves [blanking] (smart mice), whereas blocking NR2B disrupts working memory function

learning

NMDAR [blank] hypothesis for schizophrenia is based on the unique NMDARs in GABAergic interneurons

hypofunction

The mRNA level of [blank] subunit was significantly higher than that of NR2B subunit in PV-ir interneurons

NR2A

only PFC cells exhibit a NR2B-to-NR2A switch during [blank] development, differing fromother brain regions

postnatal

Enriched NR2B in PFC is a double-edged sword -important for normal working memory but easy to be targeted by [blank] stimulation

detrimental

dopamine modulates working memory in an [blank] response

inverted-U

Dopamine receptors in prefrontal cortex control three key aspects of cognitive control – gating, maintaining, and [blanking]

relaying

in the scale of testing PFC to hippocampus function it goes from cross maze, to t-maze, [blank] maze, and finally morris water maze. executive function, working memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

radial arm

Reciprocal [blank]–mPFC activity is required for spatial working memory and disrupting this area via DREADDs interrupts E/I ratio and working memory

MD

Activating [blank] interneurons rescues E/I balance and working memory after DREADD inhibition

PV

Performance on t maze task is impaired by optogenetic inhibition of ventral hippocampus (vHPC) inputs to the PFC during the [blank] period, mediodorsal thalamus (MD) inputs to the PFC during the delay period, and PFC inputs to the MD during the choice period

sample

large preference of [blank] cells compared to PV and VIP cells during the delay period in the go-no-go task

SST