RT211 THE BLOOD

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Blood

is a special type of body fluid that circulates through your blood vessels.

Plasma

Blood is made up of cells floating in a liquid called

nonstop, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, waste

Blood moves through the body___________, carrying ________ and _______ to every cell while taking away _________ and ________.

• Blood Plasma

• Blood Proteins

• Digested Food Products

• Hormones from the endocrine glands

• Vitamins ABCD etc. and subgroups

• Antibodies

• Gases in Solution

• Waste Products

CONSTITUENTS OF THE BLOOD

Plasma

is the liquid part of the blood, colorless fluid.

Colorless fluid

Plasma is the liquid part of the blood, ___________.

Water

90% of plasma is?

90%

Percentage of water in plasma?

• Water

• Inorganic Salts

Blood plasma consist of??

• Sodium

• Phosphates

• Potassium

• Bicarbonates

• Calcium

• Iodine

• Magnesium

• Iron

• Chlorides

• Copper

Types of INORGANIC SALTS in blood plasma:

• Albumin

• Fibrinogen

• Globulin - Antibodies

BLOOD PROTEINS consist of?

Antibodies

Globulin is also known for??

• Amino acids from proteins

• Glucose from carbohydrates

• Sugar and starches

• Fatty acids, Glycerine from lipids (fats)

Digested Food Products:

• Pituary Gland

• Thyroid Gland

• Parathyroid Gland

• Pancreas

• Suprarenal Glands

• Gonads

Hormones from the endocrine glands:

• Red blood cells or Erythrocytes

• White Blood Cells, Leukocytes

• Blood Platelets or thrombocytes

THE BLOOD CELLS:

Erythrocytes

Red Blood Cells also known as??

Leukocytes

White Blood Cells also known as??

Thrombocytes

Blood Platelets also known as??

• Granulocytes

• Agranulocytes or nongranulocytes

Two Types of LEUKOCYTES

• Neutrophils

• Eosinophils

• Basophils

GRANULOCYTES consist of??

Polymorphonuclear

Neutrophils are also known as??

• Lymphocytes

• Monocytes

AGRANOCYES or NONGRANULOCYTES consist of??

• a cell

• red

• white

• body

• little body

DERIVATIVES OF TERMS

• Cytos, kytos =

• Erythros =

• Leukos, leuco =

• Corpus =

• Corpuscle, corpusculus =

• bone marrow

• liver

• spleen

• lymph nodes

• thymus gland

THE BLOOD CELLS: complete the sentence:

Produced by the __________, ______, ________, ________, and ________.

• Red Blood Cells

• Corpuscle

• Erythrocytes

RED BLOOD CELLS: complete the sentence:

_____________ or _____________ - ____________

• Disc shaped cells

• concave

• viewed on edge

• bone marrow

RED BLOOD CELLS: complete the sentence:


_____________, _________ on both surfaces when ___________. They are formed in the ___________.

7 microns in diameter

Red Blood Cells measurement is??

4,500,000 to 6 million rbc per cubic mm of blood

Number range of Red Blood Cells??

25 trillion

The total number of Red Blood Cells in the body??

• Males

• Females

RED BLOOD CELLS: complete the sentence:


________ have more red blood cells than ________.

120 Days

Red Blood Cells Circulates for about??

• nuclei

• discharged into blood capillaries

RED BLOOD CELLS: complete the sentence:

• During maturation, they lose their ________.

• After maturation, they are ___________________________.

Hemoglobin

a compound of iron and a protein and forms in red blood cells during their development.

• Iron

• A protein

HEMOGLOBIN: complete the sentence:

a compound of ________ and ________ and forms in red blood cells during their development.

Red blood cells

HEMOGLOBIN: complete the sentence:

It is formed during development of _____________.

Oxyhemoglobin

HEMOGLOBIN combines readily with oxygen to form??

Light Red

Oxyhemoglobin color is?

Darker

HEMOGLOBIN: complete the sentence:

Blood appears _______ when oxygen has been removed.

• oxygen, lungs, all body tissues, cells

• some carbon dioxide, body tissues, lungs, elimination

FUNCTION of RED BLOOD CELLS: complete the sentence:

transports _________ from the ________ to ________ and _______.

They also transport _____________ from ________ to the ______ for ____________.

• White blood cells

• Leukocytes

• Leucocytes

WHITE BLOOD CELLS: complete the sentence:

___________: __________ or __________

6,000 to 10,000 cells per cubic mm of blood.

Number range of WHITE BLOOD CELLS??

Granulocytes

have granules in the cytoplasm

Neutrophils

60% to 70% of the leukocytes. Fine granules. Stain lilac, not red or blue. Cell nucleus has from 2 to 5 lobes joined together by narrow strands. Polymorphonuclear.

• 60% to 70%

• fine granules

• Stain lilac

• not red or blue

• 2 to 5 lobes

• narrow strands

NEUTROPHILS: Complete the Sentence

_________ of the leukocytes. ____________. ________, __________. Cell nucleus has from ____________ joined together by _________. Polymorphonuclear.

Eosinophils

medium sized granules. Stain red with an acid dye such as eosin. 2% to 3% of all leukocytes.

• medium sized granules

• Stain red with an acid dye

• eosin

• 2% to 3%

EOSINOPHILS: Complete the Sentence

_____________. _____________________ such as _______. _________ of all leukocytes.

Basophils

coarse granules. 1% of the leukocytes. Stain blue with a basic dye such as methylene blue.

• coarse granules

• 1%

• Stain blue with a basic dye

• methylene blue

BASOPHILS: Complete the Sentence

____________. ____ of the leukocytes. _____________ such as ___________.

Lymphocyte

single large nucleus and stains reddish blue. 25% of all leukocytes.

• single large nucleus

• stains reddish blue

• 25%

LYMPHOCYTES: Complete the Sentence

______________ and ____________. _____ of all leukocytes

Monocytes

Have a single rounded or kidney shaped nucleus that stains reddish purple.

Mononuclear

Monocytes is also known as??

• single rounded

• kidney shaped nucleus

• stains reddish purple

MONOCYTES: Complete the Sentence

Have a ___________ or ____________ that _____________.

bacterial infections

THE FUNCTION OF LEUKOCYTES: Complete the sentence

Leukocytes defend the body from _______________.

• repair damaged tissues

• phagocytosis

THE FUNCTION OF LEUKOCYTES: Complete the sentence

Leukocytes help ______________ by a process of _____________.

700 red blood cells

This is approximately one leukocyte for every ________________.

Phagocytosis

is a vital immune process where specialized cells, known as phagocytes, engulf and digest solid particles, including pathogens and cellular debris.

Pinocytosis

is a form of endocytosis where cells "drink" extracellular fluids and dissolved nutrients, forming small vesicles to internalize these substances.

clotting of blood

THE FUNCTION OF LEUKOCYTES: Complete the sentence

They also aid in the ______________.

• Eosinophils

• increased

• asthma

• some parasitic diseases

THE FUNCTION OF LEUKOCYTES: Complete the sentence

____________ are ___________ in number in ________ and ____________.

• Lymphocytes

• development of immunity

• the production of antibodies

• gamma globulin

THE FUNCTION OF LEUKOCYTES: Complete the sentence

_____________ are responsible for the __________________, ___________________, ______________, etc

Blood Platelets or Thrombocytes

Small irregular fragments of cells that are formed in the bone marrow.

Blood clotting

Thrombocytes are concerned with the _____________.

200,000 to 400,000 per cubic mm of blood

Number range of THROMBOCYTES??

• Minute stained particles

• Blood smears.

Thrombocytes appear as ___________________ in ___________.

• Fibrinogen

• Prothrombin

• Calcium

• Thromboplastin

• Heparin (antithrombin)

COAGULATION OF BLOOD:

The factors involved in the process of clotting include??

Antithrombin

Heparin is also known as??

Fibrinogen

a blood protein, formed in the liver, circulates in solution in blood plasma.

Prothrombin

is an enzyme formed in the liver, and circulates in solution in the blood plasma.

Calcium

ingested with food also circulates in the blood plasma in an ionized state.

Thromboplastin

or thrombokinase does not circulate in the plasma but is present in tissue cells.

Heparin – or antithrombin

is present in the liver and some other organs and dissolved in plasma. It acts to prevent blood from clotting within the blood vessels.

• thromboplastin

• site of injury

• Platelets

• similar substance

CLOTTING PROCEDURE: Complete the sentence:

Following an injury, the injured tissue cells liberate ____________ at the ___________. __________ may also give ____________.

• Thromboplastin

• spilled blood

• prothrombin

• thrombin

CLOTTING PROCEDURE: Complete the sentence:

_________________ thus freed comes into contact with the ___________ and converts the ____________ dissolved in it to ___________.

• Thrombin

• calcium

• fibrinogen

• Fibrin

CLOTTING PROCEDURE: Complete the sentence:

___________ + __________ + _________ form fibrin. _________ consists of fine threads precipitated from the dissolved fibrinogen

Fibrin

Thrombin + calcium + fibrinogen form??

Fibrin

consists of fine threads precipitated from the dissolved fibrinogen.

Collagen —→ Platelets —→ Fibrinogen proteins —→ Fibrin fibers —→ Blood clot

CLOTTING PROCEDURE: Complete the sentence:

________ —→ _________ —→ ___________ —→ _____________ —→ ____________

• O

• A

• B

• AB

Human blood is classified into four groups:
Corpuscle:

• - O

• - A

• - B

• - AB

Blood types / Corpuscle:

O to O, A, B, AB

• + O

• - A

• + B

• - AB

Corpuscle to Serum:

A to O, A, B, AB

• + O

• + A

• - B

• - AB

Corpuscle to Serum:

B to O, A, B, AB

• + O

• + A

• + B

• - AB

Corpuscle to Serum:

AB to O, A, B, AB

Clumping

leads to destruction of red blood cells.

Universal Donor

• Blood group O

• Red blood cells do not clump with any serum

Universal Recipient

• Blood group AB

• Serum does not cause clumping of any blood cells

• Brings oxygen and nutrients to cells

• Removes carbon dioxide and waste

• Delivers hormones to organs

• Fights infection Helps wounds heal

Blood keeps every part of your body working. It:

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-
-
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Without blood, none of your body systems could function!

Blood plasma

water for body tissues and cells, to provide a solvent in which digested food products, blood proteins, minerals, gases, vitamins, hormones, and waste products are dissolved, for transportation.

Blood plasma

A medium in which blood cells may circulate throughout the body.

Red blood cells

Contain hemoglobin for transportation of oxygen, and some carbon dioxide

Hemoglobin

Is an iron protein compound in RBC that unites readily with oxygen forming oxyhemoglobin for transportation of oxygen to body tissues.

Leukocytes

Circulating in plasma, destroy microorganisms resulting from infection, remove injured and dead tissue following injury or infection, and help to form blood clots

Lymphocytes

function in immunization

Blood platelets

Function in blood clotting, liberate thromboplastin or similar substances, and clump to plug ruptured.

Coagulation of blood

to arrest hemorrhage by plugging blood vessels

• Leucocytosis or leukocytosis

• Leucopenia

• Agranulocytosis

• Anemia

• Polycythemia

• Agammaglobinemia

SOME PATHOLOGICAL TERMS - BLOOD

Leucocytosis or leukocytosis

an increase in number of leukocytes in the circulating blood

Leucopenia

a decreased in the number of leucocytes in the circulating blood.

Agranulocytosis

an absence or marked decrease in the number of leucocytes in circulating blood.

Anemia

(1) a decrease in the number of red blood cells in circulating blood.
(2) a decrease in the hemoglobin content of each red blood cell – an iron deficiency