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genetics
scientific study of heredity
fertilization
process in sexual reproduction, male and female reproductive cells join to form cells
trait
specific characteristics of an individual
hybrid
offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
gene
sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and that determines trait
allele
one of a number of different forms of a gene
principle of dominance
mendels second conclusion, which is that some alleles are dom and others are recessive
segregation
separation of alleles during gamete formation
gamete
sex cell
probability
likelihood that a partner even will occur
homozygous
2 identical alleles for a trait
heterozygous
2 different alleles for a particular gene
phenotype
physical characteristic of an organism
genotype
genetic make up of an organism
Punnett square diagram
showing the gene combination that might result from a genetic cross
independent assortment
one of mendels principles that states that genes for different traits can segregate
incomplete dominance
situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another
codominance
situation in which both alleles of an gene contribute
multiple alleles
3 or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait
polygenetic traits
traits controlled by 2 or more genes
homologous chromosome
type of chromosomes inn which one set comes from the male parents and one set from the female parent
diploid
a cell that contains 2 haploid sets of chromosomes
haploid
a cell that contains one set of chromosomes instead of the normal pair
meiosis
process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid
tetrad
structure containing 4 chromatids that form during meiosis
crossing over
process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis
dominant trait geno type possibilities
TT , Tt
recessive genotype possibilities
tt
difference between incomplete dominance and codominance
incomplete - one allele is not completely dominant over the others
codominance - both alleles contribute to the phenotype
diploid numbers 2N
46
haploid numbers N
23
when do tetrads form
during cross over
how is a gene map made
based on the frequency of crossing over between genes
what does phenotype look like
short or tall
what does genotype look like
TT , Tt, or tt
what does phenotype ratio look like
D:R
what does genotype ratio look like
TT:Tt:tt