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George Washington
Set many precedents, established cabinet, left after two terms.
John Adams
Packed the courts with Federalist judges after losing re-election.
Thomas Jefferson
Principal author of the Declaration of Independence and the 3rd President.
James Madison
Known as 'Father of the Constitution,' wrote many of the Federalist Papers and was the president during the War of 1812.
James Monroe
United the country in one political policy during the 'Era of Good Feelings.'
John Quincy Adams
Drew up the Adams-Onis treaty prior to being the 6th President.
Andrew Jackson
War of 1812 military hero who became president to support the common man.
Martin Van Buren
Advocated lower tariffs and free trade as the 8th President.
James K. Polk
One term President who added the Oregon Territory and Mexican Cession.
Zachary Taylor
President when Gold Fever brought tens of thousands to California.
Millard Fillmore
The 13th President who signed the Compromise of 1850.
Franklin Pierce
Passed the unpopular Kansas-Nebraska Act and signed the Gadsden Purchase.
Abraham Lincoln
Changed views on presidential power over slavery during the Civil War.
Andrew Johnson
President who set early Reconstruction policies.
Jamestown
First permanent English colony founded by the Virginia Company in 1607.
Plymouth, Massachusetts
Permanent English colony founded by Pilgrims and Strangers.
Salem Witch Trials
Trials sentencing mostly older women for witchcraft between 1692-1693.
French and Indian War
Fourth war between Britain and France, leading to French losses in the area.
Declaration of Independence
Formal pronouncement of independence drafted by the Committee of Five in 1776.
Judiciary Act of 1789
Organized the federal legal system; established Supreme Court and circuit courts.
XYZ Affair
American envoys sent to France asked to pay hefty fines just to have a meeting.
Marbury v. Madison
Supreme Court case establishing principle of Judicial Review in 1803.
War of 1812
Fought with Britain over trade and impressment issues.
Missouri Compromise
Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state and balanced Maine as a free state.
Corrupt Bargain
Suspicion over the Election of 1824 after Henry Clay appointed Sec. of State.
Panic of 1837
Crisis caused by bank failures and Jackson's policies to end over-speculation.
Oregon Cession
President Polk negotiated with Britain for half of this land.
California Gold Rush
Inflow of thousands of miners to California after minerals discovery in 1849.
Compromise of 1850
Made a harsh Fugitive Slave Law but allowed California in as a free state.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Issue of slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty in the last part of the LA Territory.
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Supreme Court ruling that slaves were property and not able to be US citizens.
Emancipation Proclamation
Declared slaves in rebelling states were freed; stopped Europe from helping the South.
Mayflower Compact
Agreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth, establishing self-government.
Olive Branch Petition
Conciliatory message to King George; an offer to end hostilities and resume loyalty.
Farewell Address
Washington's last address warning against permanent alliances.
Louisiana Purchase
Purchased from France, doubling the size of the U.S.A in 1803.
Monroe Doctrine
Monroe warned Europe to refrain from new territories in the Americas in 1823.
Tariff of Abominations
1828 Tariff that had very high duties on imports and was hated by the South.
Trail of Tears
Forced march of Cherokee from Georgia/Alabama to Indian territory (1838-1839).
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
Resolved several northern border disputes between the U.S.A. and Britain in 1842.
Alien & Sedition Acts
Acts allowing the US to deport foreigners and making it harder for new immigrants to vote.
Uncle Tom's Cabin
A book that showed the evils of slavery, widely read in the North.
John Brown's Raid
1859 attempt to start an armed revolt and destroy slavery at Harper's Ferry.
Three Sisters Farming
Ancient native agricultural practice of growing maize, beans, and squash together.
Columbian Exchange
Transfer of goods, crops, and disease between Old and New Worlds after 1492.
Mexican American War
War declared by President Polk when Mexico attacked General Zachary Taylor.
Joint Stock Companies
Multiple investors fund commercial enterprises, used widely by the English.
Encomienda System
Spanish policy to grant Indian land to colonists to Christianize them.
Bartolomé de la Casas
He exposed the oppression of indigenous peoples by Europeans.
Juan Ginés de Sepulveda
Argued indigenous peoples were pre-social men without rights or property.
Peninsulares
Full blooded Spaniards born in Spain but lived in New Spain.
Valladolid debates
Debate over the treatment and rights of indigenous peoples (1550-1551).
Treaty of Tordesillas
Divided new world lands between Spain and Portugal in 1494.
John Winthrop
New England Puritan whose 'City on a Hill' speech established American exceptionalism.
Anne Hutchinson
Spiritual leader who questioned Puritan teachings and was banished.
Halfway Covenant
Allowed unconverted offspring of Puritans to baptize their children (1662).
House of Burgesses
Virginia representative parliamentary assembly to help govern themselves.
Headright System
Get 50 acres of southern land if paid for an indentured servant's passage.
Quakers
Tolerant religious group who emphasized peace and idealistic Indian policies.
Act of Toleration
Passed in Maryland in 1649 guaranteeing toleration for all Christians.
Rhode Island
Colony founded by Roger Williams based on separation of church and state.
Indentured servants
Migrants who bound themselves for a length of service in exchange for passage.
Navigation laws/acts
Regulated colonial shipping; only English ships can trade with English colonies.
Bacon's Rebellion
Conflict in Virginia between plantation elite and impoverished settlers (1676).
New England Town meetings
Gathering of white property owners to discuss and vote on particular subjects.
Dominion of New England
British consolidation of upper colonies curbing popular assemblies and taxing.
Mercantilism
Economic theory linking a nation's power to its gold reserves.
Salutary Neglect
Unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade (1688-1763).
Triangular Trade
Exchange of rum, slaves, and molasses between colonies, Africa, and West Indies.
Pequot Wars
Conflicts between Puritans and Pequots in Connecticut River valley (1636-1638).
King Philip's War
Series of assaults that slowed westward migration of New England for decades.
Pueblo Revolt
Rebellion that drove Spanish settlers out of New Mexico for over a decade.
Jonathan Edwards
His sermon 'Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God' helped the First Great Awakening.
First Great Awakening
Religious revival with emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality.
Deism
Religious doctrine emphasizing reasoned moral behavior and scientific pursuits.
John Locke
Enlightenment philosopher who wrote that all men are born with natural rights.
Chattle slavery
Allowed people to be considered property and bought, sold, and owned forever.
Stono Rebellion
Slave revolt in South Carolina attempting to reach Spanish Florida (1739).
Albany Plan
A plan to centralize control of the British colonies.
Pontiac's Rebellion/Uprising
Ottawa Chief's campaign to drive British from the Ohio Valley (1763).
Proclamation of 1763
Prohibited settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains, increasing resentment.
Sugar Act
First colonial duty on imported West Indies sugar (1764).
Stamp Act/Tax
Tax on most colonial paper products — very unpopular (1765).
Sons of Liberty
Revolutionary group protesting the Stamp Act and more by letter writings and protests.
Daughters of Liberty
Revolutionary group protesting the Stamp Act and more by boycotts and homespun.
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
Argued the Townshend Acts were illegal because they intended to raise revenue.
Boston Massacre
Clash between unruly Boston protesters and local British redcoats — killed 11 (1770).
Boston Tea Party
Colonists protested East India Company's monopoly on tea trade (1773).
Intolerable Acts/Coercive Acts
Punitive measures including closing Boston Port and revoking Massachusetts Charter.
Lexington and Concord
First battles of the Revolutionary War that were fought outside Boston (1775).
Second Continental Congress
Functioned as de facto government during the Revolutionary War (1775).
Common Sense
Thomas Paine's pamphlet urging colonies to declare independence (1776).
Abigail Adams
Wrote a letter asking for women's rights in the Declaration of Independence.
Baron von Steuben
Trained Revolutionary soldiers to march, bayonet, and execute orders.
Marquis de Lafayette
French military officer who aided in the American Revolution.
Popular sovereignty
Determines that sovereign people of a territory should decide on slavery.
Federalism
System of government where land is controlled by two governments.
Great Compromise
Balanced concerns of small and large states with a bicameral legislature (1787).
Articles of Confederation
First United States government as a loose confederation of States.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Policy that created path to statehood and forbade slavery in new lands.
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