HUMAN ANATOMY: Respiratory System

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1

respiratory system

brings in O2 to fuel cells and remove CO2, sound production, smell, protection via coughing and sneezing to keep airways clear

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2

respiration

ventilation, gas exchange (internal and external respiration), and oxygen utilization by cells

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3

external respiration

gas exchange between air and red blood cells in the lungs

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4

internal respiration

gas exchange between red blood cells and body tissues outside of the lungs

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5

conducting zone

transport air in and out of lungs, warm and humidify air, and filter out dust and other harmful particles; nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and primary bronchus

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6

respiratory zone

site of gas exchange; respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

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7

support structures of external nose

nasal bones, hyaline cartilage, and dense connective tissue

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8

nasal glads

serous cells secrete digestive enzymes to destroy bacteria; mucous cells

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9

mucous membrane

epithelium + lamina propria

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10

lamina propria

loose areolar CT (highly vascularized); warms air, source of nosebleeds

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11

nasal cavity

pseudostratified ciliated columnar, goblet cells, and lamina propria

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12

vibrissae

protective hairs that line external nares and vestibule

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13

external nares and vestibule

nostrils

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14

nasal conchae

bony ridges that cause air turbulence; assists with cleansing air

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15

cribriform plate

lined with specialized receptor cells for smell

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16

posterior nares

where the nasal cavity ends

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17

paranasal sinuses

air filled pseudostratified ciliated columnar lined cavities in the bone that lighten the skull, warm and moisten air, and have a single opening into nasal cavity; frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary

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18

nasal meatus

opening for sinus into nasal cavity

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19

sinus infection

inflammation of epithelium caused by virus or bacteria causes over secretion of mucus blocking the meatus and creating a painful pressure within sinus

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20

nasal septum

bone and cartilage structure that separates nasal cavity in half

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21

deviated septum

typically the cartilage becomes misaligned which disrupts air flow into the cavity

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22

nasopharynx

posterior nares to soft palate; pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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23

oropharynx

soft palate to epiglottis; stratified squamous epithelium

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24

laryngopharynx

epiglottis to larynx, connects pharynx with opening to larynx (air) and esophagus (food); stratified squamous epithelium

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25

pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx; part of immune system

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26

pharyngotmpanic tube

part of nasopharynx that connects to middle ear; equalizes pressure

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27

palatine and lingual tonsils

lymphoid tissue in the oropharynx; immune response

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28

tonsillitis

inflammation of palatine tonsils, can be painful and interfere with swallowing

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29

larynx

air passage and voice production; cilia push mucus up towards esophagus

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30

epiglottis

structure of the larynx made of elastic cartilage; covers larynx when swallowing food

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31

thyroid

structure of the larynx made of hyaline cartilage; supports back of larynx and is an attachment point for vocal folds (bigger with lower voices)

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32

cricoid

structure of the larynx made of hyaline cartilage; supports back of the larynx

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33

arytenoid

structure of the larynx made of hyaline cartilage; anchors vocal cords posteriorly

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34

vocal folds

elastic fibers covered by mucosa and suspended between thyroid and arytenoid, vibrate when air passes over; longer→ deeper

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35

vestibular folds

folds of mucosa that support vocal folds

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36

rima glottidis

space between open vocal cords; air passes through

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37

glottis

vocal folds + rima glottidis

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38

laryngitis

excess mucus and inflammation prevent proper vibration of vocal folds

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39

trachea

flexible but strong connection to lungs; supported by hyaline cartilage rings and made up of pseduostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, goblet cells, and seromucous glands

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40

smokers cough

cilia paralyzed by toxins in cigarette smoke causing a build up of mucus

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41

adventitia

exists in the trachea opposed to a serous membrane

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42

trachealis muscle

smooth muscle that completes back of trachea; can constrict and relax as a protective mechanism

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43

carina

last ring of tracheal cartilage that branches into each lung, epithelial cells very sensitive to irritants and excess mucus, and initiated cough reflex

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44

branching of bronchial tree

main (primary) bronchi → lobar (secondary) bronchi → segmental (tertiary) bronchi → bronchioles

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45

main (primary) bronchi

lined with PCC, cartilage rings of trachea replaced by irregular cartilage plates, and right bronchus is wider shorter and more vertical than left

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46

lobar bronchi

right has three and left has two

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47

segmental bronchi

branch from lobar bronchi; each segment serves a bronchopulmonary segment

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48

smooth muscle in bronchus

contracts and relaxed to regulate airflow; thins out as it travels through tree

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49

bronchial asthma

irritation of epithelium by allergens, cold air, etc activate mast cells which results in: inflammation of mucous membrane, bronchioconstriction, and increase in mucus secretions

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50

alveolar sac

cluster of alveoli on a duct

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51

alveloi

increase volume of lungs and surface area for gas exchange; vascularized

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52

respiratory membrane

alveolar epithelium, basal laminae, and capillary endothelium

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53

alveolar epithelium

simple squamous

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54

capillary epithelium (endothelium)

simple squamous

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55

type 1 cells

simple squamous; primarily gas exchange

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56

type 2 cells

cuboidal; secrete surfactant

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57

surfactant

decrease surface tension and allow alveoli to inflate more easily

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58

macrophages

trap inhaled particles and remove them from mucusa

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59

alveolar pores

equalize pressure between alveoli

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60

respiratory distress syndrome

type 2 cells are not fully functional until 35 weeks; premature infants have difficulty inflating collapsed alveoli

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