TEAS Biology review

cell theory

All cells arise form preexisting cells

Cells can carry out the processes of life

Organisms are made of cells that function together

cell

The ____ is considered to be the basic unit of life

prokaryotes

single cells organisms such as bacteria are examples of _____. This type of cell does not have a nucleus,but does have DNA. ALL have a cell wall

eukaryotes

multicellular organisms such as plants and animals are examples of ______

-some have a cell wall

-cell membrane present

nucleus

The ____ of the cell is responsible for the activites of the cell regarding DNA, has its own membrane which allows for the passage of materials and proteins needed for DNA replication

ribosomes

Responsible for the production of proteins

Can be free or bound to the outer membrane of the ER

rough endoplasmic reticulum

The ____ has ribosomes attached to the outer surface, it is also produces the proteins

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The _____does not have ribosomes attached and works to transport proteins out of the cell

lysosomes

____ are often termed "suicide sacs of the cell" because of their involvement with digestion within the cell.

-besides digesting proteins, also break down parts of the cell that are no longer needed

vacuoles

most known for their ability to store materials

mitochondria

_____ are thought to be the powerhouses of the cell because of their ability to produce the energy needed for life.

cristae

folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria are called ___

chloroplasts

Present in plants, contains a substance called chlorophyll to carry out the process of photosynthesis

cytoskeleton

provides structure and shape to the cell

cilia/flagella

these structures are not present within the cell. Instead they are located outside of the cell and allow the cell to move

cell wall

Present in plant cells, the cellulose-containing ____ helps to give the plant cell rigidity

diffusion

Particles naturally move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration this process is called ____.

osmosis

Water can diffuse across a membrane in a process called ____

Isotonic solution

concentration are the same inside and outside of the cell

hypotonic solution, swell, burst

In a _____, the solution outside the cell has a lower concentration of solutes than the solution inside the cell. Water moves from outside solution into the cell in an attempt to dilute concentrations in the cell. This causes the cell to ___ and/or ___

hypertonic, shrivel, shrink

In a _______, the outside solution has a high concentration of solute than the cell. Water leaves the cell in an effort to dilute the outside solution. This causes the cell to ___, and ___

passive

____transportation that occurs from a high concentration to a low concentration naturally and without any additional energy input

active transport

_____ take place when materials need to be moved from an area of low concetration to one of high concentration.Because this works against the natural process, the cell must use energy to carry out this process

organic

_____molecules are carbon based

inorganic

without carbon

organic

Examples of ____ compounds include lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.

inorganic

Examples of _____ substances include ions, iron, calcium and water

water

_____ is considered to be the universal solvent and can dissolve a large range of substance that are polar or contain ions

cohesive forces

forces between the same molecules

adhesive forces

forces between different molecules

carbohydrates

____are organic compounds that contain carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. They are major sources of energy in the body.

monosaccarides

Simplest sugars are called ____

ex. glucose and fructose

dehydration synthesis

The combination of monosaccharides to from disaccharides and starches occurs with the removal of water via _______

proteins

long polymer chains called polypeptides built from amino acid subunits linked by peptide bonds.Every amino acid contains a central carbon with an amino group

enzymes

___ are examples of complex proteins that function to regulate the rate at which reactions occur. They are catalysts that aim to lower the amount of energy it takes for a reaction to occur

saturated

If a fat chain contains all single bonds, the fat is classified as ___

unsaturated

If there is a double bond in the fat chain, the fat is classified as ____

glyercol, 3 fatty acids

Fats are each built from two components ____ and _____

triglycerides

fats are also called ______

nucleic acids

___are the building blocks of DNA and RNA.

-contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen along with nitrogen and phosphorus atoms as well

phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogen base

Each nucleic acid contains a _____, _____ and a _____

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

The molecule that supplies energy for living things is called _____

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

____is the macromolecule in cells that codes for how amino acids form proteins

DNA

____ is a double stranded helix that has complimentary nucleic acids that are hydrogen bonded to each other

adenine , guanine

Nucleic acids that are classified as purines are...

cytosine and thymine

Nucleic acids that are classified as pyrimidines are ....

thymine, cytosine

In DNA , adenine hydrogen bonds to _____ and guanine hydrogen bonds to ____

messenger, transfer, ribosomal

what are the three types of RNA

mRNA,transcription

____copies DNA's genetic code via a process called _______

tRNA

Compliments mRNA via an anticodon that corresponds to an amino acids that it will carry

rRNA

is found as part of ribosomes and helps in the formation of polypeptides

mitosis

____is the process by which most new cells are produced in eukaryotes. At the completion of this process, two new daughter cells are produced from one preexisting cell

meiosis

Process which produces sex cells (sperm and egg) is ____

interphase, prophase, metaphase,anaphase, telophase

Steps in Mitosis

metaphase

____is step in mitosis when the chromatids divide

cytokinesis

____ the division of the cytoplasm

46

The human cell has ___ chromosomes

23, haploid

each sex cell contains ___ chromosomes-all single chromosomes no pairs. These cells are termed ___

46, diploid

When a sperm cell and an egg cell join, the resulting zygote now has ___ and is termed a ___

spermatogenesis

In ____, the primary spermatocyte develops into 4 sperm

oogenesis

In ______, just one egg cell is formed from the oocyte along with three polar bodies

binary fission

Prokaryotic cells reproduce via _____. In this process DNA is replicated and the cell splits in two roughly equal parts, each ith a copy of the cell's DNA

swell and burst

A cell is in a solution in which the concentration of solutes is higher inside the cell than outside the cell. The cell will likely

proteins

DNA codes for ___

cell membrane

Serves as external barrier and encloses organelles

cholesterol

____type of steroid that acts as precursosr to many animal hormones.

substrate

The ____ binds to the enzymes active site in an induced fit

facilitated diffusion

Molecules cross an impermeable or semipermeable membrane down their concentration gradient , but must do so via special channels

transcription

process of cells copying the instruction from DNA to RNA

translation

Process of protein reduction from mRNA

phagocytosis

endocytosis of undissolved solid matter; engulfing of pathogens of WBCs

peroxisome

organelle used to rid the body of toxic components

amino acid structure

Enzyme activity is drive by what internal factor?

specific heat

Energy required to raise one unit of mass of substance by 1 degree Celsius

cell membrane

____is not an ogranelle , but has a lipid bilayer with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions

aneuploidy

one has abnormal number of chromosomes

pinocytosis

endocytosis of dissolved liquie molecules

glycolysis

___ oldest metabolic pathway, used by all cells and a precursor to both the aerobic and anaerobic respiratory pathways

cytoplasm

glyoclysis takes place in the ______

fermentation

IN the absence of oxygen, respiration relies on glycolysis to produce ATP in an anerobic process called_____

homolactic, alcoholic, heterolactic

what are three types of fermentation?

homolactic

_____ fermentation, bacteria converts pyruvate into lactic acid

alcoholic

____fermentation, yeast and bacteria cnvert pyruvate into ethanol and co2

heterolactic

___ fermentation, organisms produce alctic acid as well as otehr acids and alcohols

aerobic respiration, 36

If oxygen is present, glycolysis leads to _____ which produces a net total of __ ATP per molecule of glucose

krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)

Begins with acetly-CoA joining oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid.

mitochondia, cytoplasm

The krebs cycle occurs in the ___ of eukaryotes and the ___ of aerobic prokaryotes

genetics

_____is the study of the heredity of organisms

gene

A ____ is the basic unit of heredity

allele

____ is one of two or more alternative forms of a specific gene

heterozygous

having inherited two different alleles of a gene

dominant allele, recessive alleles

____ determines the phenotype in heterozygotes by masking the _____

gametes

haploid reproductive cells , form in diploid individuals, the two alternative alleles for a gene sergate from each other

metaphase plate

In metaphase chromosomes allign along cell equator called the ____

cytokinesis

physical division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells

anaphase

sister chromatids separate to opposite poles

chromosomes

____ are the carriers of genetic information

interphase

the period between mitotic divisions during which chromosmes are not visible comprised of three phases: g1 , s and g2

mitosis

the division of genetic material and cellular contents

geneotype

genes an individual has