whats on the test based on the review - human parasitology 1

what parasites are named after obama

paragordius obamai - pathogenic african hairworm

baracktremaobamai - blood fluke (trematode) living in malayasian turtle lung

what the f*** does he mean about the cuckoo deep sea anglerfish

example of brood parasitism!

that's parasitism by putting your egg in other species nest

how many NTDs are there

21

two things to know about NTDs; mass blank and blank

mass screening and mass administration

are you likely to die from NTDs

most cases you don't die from

what is the most recent NTD

noma

when is world ntd day

jan 30th, 2025

what is the importance of DALY

can compare diff diseases w/numerical figure of burden of disease

how many species are there

costello et al estimated 5 million eukaryotic

mora et. al estimated 8.7 million eukaryotic

how many cases of organisms adopting parasites lifestyle

223 cases organisms adopt parasites lifestyle

stock cells, spores?

sorocarp involves stalk cells and spores which can be seen as cheaters or autoparasites in CSM

pathway to becoming a parasite

free living -> phoresy -> necromeny -> true parasitism linked to host

importance of excretory/secretory pathways

these pathways are important in communicating with hosts and immune responses

parasitologist's dilemma

Is the removal of parasites really helping a population that potentially may lead to overpopulation?

hygiene hypothesis

lack of exposure to Helminthes results in immune imbalance together with susceptibility to autoimmunity and allergy

importance of IgE

•

IgE& eosinophils target worms

•

Metazoan parasite immunogensas IgEtargets

•

Proteins with over 63% sequence identity with human homologs are not allergenic

difference between type 1, type 2, and type 3 immunity

type 1: intracellular (viruses, tumors) , th1

type 2: large parasites worms and others, th2

type 3: extracellular (bacteria and fungi), th17

leishmaniasis CAM and AAM

CAM and AAM may both be innate immune responses, depends on transcription factors of

where does leishmaniasis live in macrophages

in the lysosomes

what does NFKb do to CAM

induces differentiation

how does CAM kill amasitgotes

via Nitric Oxide produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase

what does PPAR gamma do to AAM

activates it

how does AAM enhance parasite survival

by producing arginase, an enzyme that degrades arginine, which is a precursor to NO

why is curcumin important to this class

activates PPAR which enhances leishmaniasis dovani

what is class I and class II

Class I is present on the surface of all nucleated cells (absent in red blood cells).

Class II is only found on APCs

difference between class i and class ii pathway responses

For MHC class II pathway, dendritic cells (DC) takes

in an antigenic pathogen by endocytosis, and the pathogen's protein is degraded by lysosomal

acid proteinases called cathepsins

For MHC class I pathway, the cytosolic

pathogenic antigen is degraded by proteinases in the proteasome

what doe granulomas do

host cannot destroy parasite

wall off parasite

granuloma (parasite within host immune and other cell)

found in parasitic protozoa and helminth infections

what parasitic infection is totally extracellular

trypalona brucei

what are the symptoms of sleeping sickness

lethargy, meningoencephalitis, dementia, somnolence, coma

symptoms of chagas disease

auto inoculation

romanos sign - eye swelling

chagoma - skin lesion at infection site

acute and chronic myocarditis

mega syndrome

CD causes 70% of cardiac deaths in YA

what is the vector for leshimaniasis

female sandfly

# of chromosomes, protein coding genes, RNA genes, pseudogenes of leishmania

36 chromosomes

•

8,272 protein coding genes (current 8,402)

•

911 RNA genes

•

39 pseudogenes

Trypanosoma cruzi genome facts

About 12,000 genes (10,569 in current TriTrypDB)

•

41 chromosome pairs

•

Gene families (with pseudogenes)

•

Trans-sialidase: 1,430 total (693 pseudo)

•

Mucin-associated surface protein (MASP): 1,433 (433)

trypanosoma brucei genome facts

LGT (HGT)

•

46 potential LGT cases for Trypanosomabrucei

•

49 for T. cruzi

•

68 for Leishmaniamajor

•

[149 for Trichomonas vaginalis]

what did william leishman and charles donovan

dr william leishman and professor charles donovan both independently discovered kala azar or leishmaniasis donovani

how many flagella microsomes does giardia have

8

how many flagella hydrogenosomes does trichomonas have

4 + 1

what does trichomonas vagilianas do upon contact with host tissue

pear shape to amoeba shape while maintaining flagella form

how many cases of amoebiasis are there

500 million

how do amoeba differentiate

by site

what can IGN not keep up with

changes in RNA polymerase Type 1 VHE

what disease causes death within 7 days, goes nose to brain, 1700-1800 genes, and pokes holes in target cells?

that pokemon is naeglaria

what is named after francine marciano-cabrel

Paravahlkampfia francinae

what is the example of Pilar Mateo Herrero used to demonstrate

gender bias in science naming

how does Balantidium reach the target

ingestion of contaminated food or water

what shape can cysts be

polygonal

cysts gene details

17STs

•

STs as divergent as species or even genera

•

2011 ST7: 6,020 genes

•

2015 ST4: 5,713 genes

•

2017 ST1: 6,544 genes

•

MRO circular DNA for 45 genes

symbiotic relationships

living together

phoresy

travel together

commensalism

eating at the same table

exploitation

harm to one

mutualism

benefits to both

ectoparasites

are organisms that live on the surface of a host organism and obtain nutrients at the host's expense.

endoparasites

are organisms that live inside the bodies of their hosts, often within specific tissues or organs.

definitive host

parasite shows sexual maturation

intermediate host

parasite grows and differentiates

paratenic host

parasite transport

zoonosis

human disease related to animals

reservoir host

sylvatic and domestic

vector

parasite infected insects

parasite number

“all species of worms are harmful when present in massive numbers”

r-selected species

a J-shaped curve representing rapid exponential growth

K-selected species

an S-shaped curve indicating a slower, logistic growth that levels off at carrying capacity due to resource limitations

worm distribution

100 pinworms in 10 mice

neurocysticercosis

infection of juvenile pork tape worms (JFK had it)

paragordius obamai

(Nematomorpha) parthenogenic African hairworm

Baracktrema Obamai

blood fluke living in the lung of Malaysian freshwater turtle

first new genus of turtle blood flukes in 21 years

flukes

trematodes (flatworms belonging to the Platyhelminthes)

sexual parasitism

deep sea fish

-angular fish→male is like a parasite that attaches itself to the female for reproduction

brood parasitism

Brood parasitism is a reproductive strategy where one species lays its eggs in the nests of another species, leading the host to incubate and rear the young.

-This behavior is advantageous to the parasite as it reduces its parental investment.

ex: cuckoos, which often lay their eggs in the nests of unsuspecting host birds. The young cuckoo typically pushes the host's eggs or chicks out of the nest, ensuring it receives all the care and resources from the host parents.

-honeyguide→guides people to nest of wild bees

NTDs

neglected tropical diseases

Attributes:

• prevalent among the poor people

• endemic in rural areas of low income countries

• ancient (biblical)

• chronic

• disabling

• associated with high disease burden and low mortality

• stigmatizing and poverty promoting

Advocacy:

-Inaugural World NTD day: January 30, 2020 (Thursday)

noma

a severe gangrenous disease of the mouth and face

-over 30,000 cases; 85% mortality rate

-predominately in malnourished children in remote parts of Africa

• food insecurity

-causes necrosis (cell death)

• cells die, tissue dies, leaves hole in face

-non-specific polymicrbial organisms

NPIs

5 neglected parasitic infections

• Chagas disease

• cysticercosis

• toxocariasis

• toxoplasmosis

• trichomoniasis

DALY

disability-adjusted life year

-is a measure used to quantify the overall disease burden. It combines years of life lost due to premature mortality and years lived with a disability,

-One DALY can be thought of as one lost year of 'healthy' life.

• The lower the DALY, the better the health status of the population.

-useful in comparing the impact of different health issues, accounting for both fatal and non-fatal health outcomes.

Global Burden of Disease (GBD)

-allows comparison among different diseases

-disease comparison in regions and countries

helps government planning

-DALYs for NTDs and 3 major infectious disease (HIV/AIDs, malaria, tuberculosis) are comparable

How many species on Earth

eukaryotes: 5 million

8.7 million

counting prokaryotes: 1 to 6 billion

cellar slime mold (CSM)

-social amoebae

-Dictyostelium discoideum

-separation of growth and differentiation

amoebae→slug→sorocarp (fruiting body)

Cyclic AMP as chemotaxis spores

sorocarp

stalked cells and spores

stalked cells

are dead-altruistic for spore dispersal

dictyostelium mucoroides

-many strains are isolated

-one strain only differentiates to spores when mixed with strain

“cheater strain”

auto-parasite

a phenomenon where a parasite exhibits a parasitic relationship with members of its own species or closely related species.

Kin selection theory

amoebae sometimes cooperate and cheat at other times (dynamics of strategic investing)

How to become a parasite?

nematode genomes give a path towards parasitism

-Progression: free living→phoresy→necromancy→parasitism

necromancy

wait for host death to feed on carcass and developing microbes

Brugia malayi

parasitic nematode

-genome 11,515 genes

-Wolbachia endosymbiont

Caenorhabditis elegans

free-living nematode

-genome 20,470 genes

-Dauer stage

pre-adaptation

Gunther Osche 1956

-Dauer & Infective larval third stage (iL3)

Genomes of parasitic helminths & protozoa

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) aka LGT (lateral)

• gene from a neighboring species

parasitoid

an parasite egg fertilizing into the host

parasitic castrator

parasite invades host

-grows and differentiates

directly transmitted parasite

directly from parasite to host

-through water, food, etc

vector transmitted parasite

insect aids the parasite in the spread host to host

-malaria

micropredator

parasite take nutrient in the host without killing it

Kathleen Fobbing Case (SIDS)

Mutations (caused sudden heart disease)

• calmodulin: girls got it

• bassoon: boys got it

frist multicellular genome

C. elegans 1998

first parasitic protozoan

Plasmodium falciparum

Fist parasitic helminth

Brugia malayi 2007

parallel evolution

• genome reduction

• genome compaction

• gene loss

• gene gain

nematomorph

parasite have evolved the ability to induce their terrestrial insect hosts to enter bodies of water, where the parasite than reproduces

-mantis

extended phenotype

genes in one organism have phenotype effects on another organism