Liu3304_fall2023_lecture_5

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19 Terms

1

What effect does the change from Thr to Glu have on the pI of insulin?

The change from Thr to Glu leads to a lower pI.

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2

Is human insulin's pI higher or lower than that of duck insulin?

Human insulin has a higher pI than duck insulin.

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3

What are the two polypeptides that make up insulin called?

The two polypeptides are termed the A and B chains.

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4

What happens to the charge of a peptide chain at low pH?

At low pH, positive charges (gaining protons) predominate.

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5

How many amino acids can Threonine and Isoleucine have due to their chiral centers?

Each can have 4 stereoisomers due to having two chiral centers.

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6

What is the relationship between pH and pI concerning amino acid charge?

Low pH leads to positive charges, and high pH leads to negative charges.

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7

What are post-translational modifications (PTMs) of amino acids?

PTMs are transformations made after amino acids have been incorporated into a protein.

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8

Can you give an example of a neurotransmitter derived from amino acids?

GABA is a neurotransmitter derived from glutamate.

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9

What is the primary structure of a protein?

The primary structure is the amino acid sequence of the peptide chain(s).

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10

What does the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog system determine?

It gives absolute configuration nomenclature to multiple chiral centers.

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11

What is the general trend regarding amino acid conservation in cytochrome C across different organisms?

Identical amino acids in 38 positions are found across diverse organisms, indicating high conservation.

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12

What is a racemic mixture?

A racemic mixture is a mixture of equal amounts of a chiral compound, typically 50% L and 50% D.

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13

What is the charge of the peptide chain TNMFDKR at pH=8?

Determining the charge requires knowledge of its ionization states at pH 8.

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14

Which type of amino acid has NH3+ on the left in a Fischer projection?

L-amino acids have NH3+ to the left in a Fischer projection.

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15

What does the term 'conservative substitution' refer to in proteins?

Conservative substitutions involve replacing an amino acid with another of similar chemical properties.

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16

What defines an enantiomer in amino acids?

Enantiomers are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.

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17

What are the four levels of protein structure?

1° Primary structure, 2° Secondary structure, 3° Tertiary structure, 4° Quaternary structure.

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18

What common theme is associated with phosphorylation in signal transduction?

The addition of a phosphate group to Ser, Thr, or Tyr residues is common in signal transduction.

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19

What do the structural isomer terms 'R' and 'S' indicate?

R indicates clockwise, while S indicates counterclockwise arrangements in chiral centers.

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