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What effect does the change from Thr to Glu have on the pI of insulin?
The change from Thr to Glu leads to a lower pI.
Is human insulin's pI higher or lower than that of duck insulin?
Human insulin has a higher pI than duck insulin.
What are the two polypeptides that make up insulin called?
The two polypeptides are termed the A and B chains.
What happens to the charge of a peptide chain at low pH?
At low pH, positive charges (gaining protons) predominate.
How many amino acids can Threonine and Isoleucine have due to their chiral centers?
Each can have 4 stereoisomers due to having two chiral centers.
What is the relationship between pH and pI concerning amino acid charge?
Low pH leads to positive charges, and high pH leads to negative charges.
What are post-translational modifications (PTMs) of amino acids?
PTMs are transformations made after amino acids have been incorporated into a protein.
Can you give an example of a neurotransmitter derived from amino acids?
GABA is a neurotransmitter derived from glutamate.
What is the primary structure of a protein?
The primary structure is the amino acid sequence of the peptide chain(s).
What does the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog system determine?
It gives absolute configuration nomenclature to multiple chiral centers.
What is the general trend regarding amino acid conservation in cytochrome C across different organisms?
Identical amino acids in 38 positions are found across diverse organisms, indicating high conservation.
What is a racemic mixture?
A racemic mixture is a mixture of equal amounts of a chiral compound, typically 50% L and 50% D.
What is the charge of the peptide chain TNMFDKR at pH=8?
Determining the charge requires knowledge of its ionization states at pH 8.
Which type of amino acid has NH3+ on the left in a Fischer projection?
L-amino acids have NH3+ to the left in a Fischer projection.
What does the term 'conservative substitution' refer to in proteins?
Conservative substitutions involve replacing an amino acid with another of similar chemical properties.
What defines an enantiomer in amino acids?
Enantiomers are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.
What are the four levels of protein structure?
1° Primary structure, 2° Secondary structure, 3° Tertiary structure, 4° Quaternary structure.
What common theme is associated with phosphorylation in signal transduction?
The addition of a phosphate group to Ser, Thr, or Tyr residues is common in signal transduction.
What do the structural isomer terms 'R' and 'S' indicate?
R indicates clockwise, while S indicates counterclockwise arrangements in chiral centers.
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