MIL MODULE4-5???

Print media

is comprised of newspapers, magazines, brochures, pamphlets, or any other medium printed on paper, and other visual media such as picture books, comics, illustrated magazines, photographs, or advertisements, is a major media type under this category.

Elements of Visual Information

color, space, lines, shapes, texture

color

determined by its hue, intensity, value. Color may be used for emphasis or may elicit emotions from viewers. Color may be warm, cool, or neutral. It plays a major role in our visual perception, as it influences our reactions to the world around us. It is therefore important to create color palettes that evoke the appropriate audience reactions.

Space

refers to the container of the elements of the visual design. Space can suggest depth or even present the subject with shallow space.

Lines

connect points, creates shapes, give direction, and suggest stillness and/or motion.

Shapes

define figures and content areas. They come in different sizes and they may or may not suggest dimensions of volume and mass.

Texture

refers to the quality or characteristics of a surface, for instance, if it is rough or smooth.

Other Elements Visual Information

TYPEFACE, GRID, AND LAYOUT AND TYPOGRAPHY

TYPEFACE

refers to the representation or style of a text in the digital format.

Serif

connotes formality and readability in a large number of texts. This font is usually used for the body text of books, newspapers, magazines, and research publications. Also, serif fonts give a classic or elegant look when used for title or heading.

San Serif

brings a clean or minimalist look to the text. This font is used for clear and direct meaning of text such as road signage, building directory or nutrition facts in food packages. Also, sans serif fonts give a modern look and are used primarily in webpage design.

Script

draws much attention to itself because of its brush-like strokes.

Decorative

Display or decorative- caters to a wide variety of emotions

Typography

is the art of arranging letters and text in a way that makes the copy legible, clear, and visually appealing to the reader. It involves font style, appearance, and structure, which aims to elicit certain emotions and convey specific messages. is what brings the text to life.

GRID

s a structure made up of a series of intersecting straight (vertical, horizontal, and angular) or curved lines (grid lines) used to structure content. This serves as a framework on which a designer can organize graphic elements in a rational, easy-to-absorb manner.

LAYOUT

is the manner by which the elements are composed, arranged, or placed on a page. The choice of layout in graphic design is largely determined by the type of media and its purpose or intention.

Visual elements

Hierarchy, Emphasis, Proportion, Contrast, Movement, Balance, Unity, and Space

FIGURE/GROUND

PROXIMITY

the closer items are spatially or temporally located near each other, the more likely they are to be considered part of an organized and unified group.

CLOSURE

The power of a line in motion to attract the human eye is well known. Designers can use moving lines to direct the user’s attention to specific content, to entertain, or to establish a style.

SIMILARITY

Visual elements that are similar in shape, size, color, proximity, and direction are perceived as part of a group.

CONTINUATION

The human eye seeks the relationships between shapes: continuation occurs when the eye follows along a line, curve, or sequence of shapes.

Different Types of Audio Information

Radio broadcast, Music, Sound recording, Sound clips/effects, AND Audio Podcast

Radio broadcast

live or recorded audio sent through radio waves to reach a wide audience.

Music

vocal and/or instrumental sounds combined in such a way as to produce beauty of form, harmony, and expression of emotion

Sound recording

recording of an interview, meeting, or any sound from the environment.

Sound clips/effects

any sound, other than music or speech, artificially reproduced to create an effect in a dramatic presentation, as the sound of a storm or a creaking door.

Audio Podcast

digital audio or video file or recording, usually part of a themed series, that can be downloaded from a website to a media player or computer.

Characteristics of Sound

Loudness, Pitch, AND Timbre

Loudness

Loudness refers to how loud or soft a sound seems to a listener. The loudness of sound is determined, in turn, by the intensity of sound. Intensity is a measure of the amount of energy in sound waves. The unit of intensity is the decibel (dB).

Pitch

Pitch depends on the frequency of sound waves. High-pitched sounds have high-frequency waves while low-pitched sounds have low-frequency waves.

Timbre

the harmonic components of a sound give it a certain “color” or tone quality.

Principles of Sound Design

the techniques for combining the different elements or objects.

Mixing

the combination, balance, and control of multiple sound elements.

Pace

Time control. Editing. Order of events: linear, non-linear, or multi-linear

Transitions

How you get from one segment or element to another.

Stereo Imaging

Using left and right channel for depth

Surround sound

a technique for enriching the fidelity and depth of sound reproduction by using multiple audio channels from speakers that surround the listener. Example: Dolby digital, DTS.

Non-diegetic sound

s sound whose origin is from outside the story world. Voice-overs are typically non-diegetic, since the narration does not appear in the film’s story world.

Diegetic sound

is any sound that emanates from the story (or narrative) world of a film, which is referred to in film studies as diegesis.include everything from the voices of characters to the sounds of objects or music coming from a radio or an instrument–anything that exists in the story world.

Dialogue

any piece of a conversation or comment or speech that elaborate

Natural sound

sounds that exist in the immediate surrounding of a film scene. This can either be recorded live during the shoot or enhanced or recreated during post-production.

Foley

re-created sounds for film, video, and other media in post-production to enhance audio quality by using various tools. They replace sounds that cannot properly be recorded on set.

Sound Effects

is an artificially created or enhanced sound, or sound process used to emphasize artistic or other content of films. 

Film

comes from the fact that photographic film was the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. These days, however, films are more often recorded digitally.

Television

is the electronic delivery of moving images and sound from a source to a receiver. By extending the senses of vision and hearing beyond the limits of physical distance, television has had a considerable influence on society.

Semiotic analysis

is crucial in the creation and development of an effective film or any motion media.

Cinematography

is the art and the science of recording light either electronically onto an image sensor or chemically onto film stock. cinematography is understood to encapsulate everything having to do with the camera — its movement, the images, the light it receives, etc.

Leading Lines

Leading lines are actual lines (or sometimes imaginary ones) in a shot that lead the eye to key elements in the scene

High Angle

a high-angle shot is a technique where the camera looks down on the character or subject from an elevated perspective

Low Angle

a low-angle shot is a shot from a camera angle positioned anywhere below the eye line, pointing upward

Medium Shot

is captured at a medium distance from the subject

Over-the-Shoulder Shot

is a shot in which the camera is placed just behind an "off-screen" actor so that their shoulder is in the frame while you capture the "on-screen" actor's coverage

Wide Shot

also referred to as a long shot, is a camera angle that shows the entire object or person and their relation to what surrounds them (

Close-up Shot

Close-up shots signal to the audience that something is important, and this can be a prop or reaction, but often it is best when the subject or object has a significant influence on the story and the viewer's understanding of your story

Production Design

is the creation and organization of the physical world surrounding a film story.is usually composed of designing the set, planning the wardrobe or costume, props, makeup, and prosthetics.

Editing

is the way the film is put together

Montage

a series of short shots edited together to condense a part of the story. Montages suggest the passing of time.

Transitions

There are a number of ways two scenes can be connected

Special Effects

is a broad term for fantastical audio and visual illusions that could not have been filmed by normal means. Special effects include in-camera effects, miniatures, CGI, rear-camera projections, and stop motion animation. Visual effects are a subcategory of special effects.

Continuity

 in filmmaking is the practice of ensuring that details in a shot are consistent from shot to shot within a film scene

Conceptualization and Scriptwriting

n essence, this is the stage of the process where "the idea is crystallized"

Pre-Production

Here, the "casting, auditions, location hunting, budgeting, preparations of the production designer's group, scheduling, and rehearsals"

Production, or Principal Photography

In the realm of moving pictures, the production proper is called principal photography, or in layman's terms, "the shooting"

Post-production

Now comes the most complex part of the production process. Post-production includes editing, which would sometimes result in reshoots, audio correction, and other refinements of the product. Title cards, color grading, and the like are all done in this stage

Marketing, Distribution, and Exhibition

When the films are ready for screening, the production company formulates strategies to market and promote the picture.

Media effects

are the procedures and outcomes of media influence that have an impact on targets

Individual-level effect

Effect on an individual person 

Macro-level effect

Effect on an aggregate, such as the public, institutions, society, or the media industries themselves

Cognitive effect

Media exposure exercising an influence on an individual’s mental processes or the product of those mental processes; typically involves the acquisition, processing, and storage of information 

Belief effect

Media exposure exercising an influence on an individual’s perception that the probability that an object or event is associated with a given attribute 

Attitudinal effect

Media exposure exercising an influence on an individual’s evaluative judgments; typically involves providing people with elements to evaluate or shaping standards of evaluation

Affective effect

Media exposure exercising an influence on an individual’s feelings such as emotions and moods 

Physiological effect

Media exposure exercising an influence on an individual’s automatic bodily responses to stimuli 

Behavioral effect

Media exposure exercising an influence on an individual’s doing something

Acquiring

he media influence the person to obtain something he/she did not have prior to a particular exposure

Triggering

The media influences the person by activating something that already exists in the individual

Altering

The media influence the person to change something that the person already had

Reinforcing

The media influence the person by gradually making something in the person more difficult to change over time 

Purchasing and Advertising

The influence of media can drive consumers to take in products advertised by companies, resulting in enlarged profits. 

Political Campaigns on Voting

Media can change the whole outcome of an election for better or for worse. 

Propaganda and Ideology

In general, the media can sway public opinion and persuade people's opinions regarding certain issues and causes. 

Media Violence and Aggressive Behavior

Media subconsciously ingrains violent tendencies in viewers, resulting in real-life violence. 

Social Construction of Reality

The media warps and distorts the real world from the "imagined."  

Media Bias and Stereotyping

Due to proper and improper representations, some argue that this results in real-life stereotyping for some demographics. 

Sexual Material

1. It is argued that promiscuous content may lead to enhanced promiscuity in their real-life behavior and disposition
   

Post-positivist Theory

based on empirical observation guided by the scientific method, but it recognizes that humans and human behavior are not as constant as elements of the physical world. 

Cultural Theory

seeks to understand contemporary cultures by analyzing the structure and content of their communication.

Critical Theory

aims to study inequality and oppression. It challenges existing ways of organizing the social world and the people and institutions that exercise power in it.

Normative Theory

explains how a media system should operate in order to conform to or realize a set of ideal social values.

 Newcomb’s Model

introduces the role of communication in a society or social relationship.

Magic Bullet / Hypodermic Needle Theory.

Encouraged a relatively uncomplicated view of the media as all-powerful propaganda agencies brainwashing a susceptible and defenseless public

Two-Step Flow Theory

• Hypothesized that information from the media moves through two distinct stages: first through the "opinion leaders", then to the people.

 Kincaid’s Convergence Model (Minimal Effect)

Shows a process of convergence through which participants share information so that mutual understanding is reached. MUTUAL AGREEMENT

Effects Tradition

The ‘effects’ of watching a horror movie on Netflix alone in bed might be quite different from watching the same movie in a theater with your friends, for example

Third-person effect

is the tendency for people to perceive others as being considerably more influenced by mass media messages as compared to themselves

Uses and Gratification Theory

Posits that audiences are active and that they use media according to their own goals, which would elicit certain gratifications based on their usage.

Agenda Setting Theory

A process whereby the Mass Media determine not what we think, but what we think and worry about.

The public reacts not to actual events but to the pictures in our heads created by the media.

The Spiral of Silence

• Society threatens deviant individuals with isolation. 

• Individuals experience fear of isolation continuously. 

• This fear of isolation causes individuals to try to assess the climate of opinion at all times. 

• The results of this estimate affect their behavior in public, especially their willingness or not to express opinions openly. 

Cultivation Theory

Was used to distinguish long-term cultivations of assumptions about life and values from short–term effects.

Media violence affects audience conceptions of social reality and who has power and who does not in that construct.