The Road to Jacksonian Democracy

73a. Whig Party-

The leftovers from the National-Republican Party (formerly Dem-Reps) and those who disagreed with Jackson.

73b. the Bank War-

Jackson despised the National Bank and vetoed its renewal, and it didn't get overruled. Causes the first major depression when Jackson gets Taney to pull all the money out of the bank.

73c. Hamilton and Burr’s duel-

Hamilton was the leader of the Federalist party, and with his death, the party faded away. Burr caused the 12^th amendment to be passed.

73d. Burr’s treason trial-

Burr was the first person to be tried for treason, thus implementing the laws written in the Constitution.

73e. impressment-

British ships would stop and search American ships in American territory. It became a cause of the War of 1812

73f. Hartford Convention-

Meeting of Federalists, they were concerned about war, and thought of secession. Its importance is in proving the Union can stay together.

73g. National (Cumberland) Road-

First national road under John Quincy Adams. Part of many internal improvements, Jackson was disliked by the Whigs partially because he prevented its expansion.

73h. kitchen cabinet-

Jackson’s cabinet, which he heavily relied on. He created it and filled other positions with people he liked, instead of those who had been there. Known as the spoil system

73i. Maysville Road veto-

Proved Jackson’s view on states’ rights. He vetoed the bill so the states (Kentucky) would have control over the road.

73j. Tariff of Abominations-

Caused the Nullification Crisis of the 1830’s. Southern states disliked a tariff, and proposed additions, thinking it would then not pass. When it did, South Carolina refused to pay and threatened secession. Began the debate of perpetual union vs. compact theory.

73k. specie circular of 1836-

An act that made the banks accept only gold and silver. Was thought of as the cause for the Panic of 1837 and made the people dislike Martin Van Buren.

73l. panic of 1837-

The first major economic crisis of the country. It was caused by Britain’s economic troubles but was blamed on Jackson killing the national bank and the specie circular.

74a. John Quincy Adams-

He was president before Andrew Jackson. He supported a strong federal government and infrastructure, but the way he won the election caused Jackson to campaign against him and evidently, win the presidency.

74b. Peggy Eaton-

The wife of one of Jackson’s cabinet members, she was seen as an adulteress and was shamed by other cabinet wives. Jackson’s actions that supported Eaton caused a divide between himself and his then VP John C. Calhoun.

74c. Justice Samuel Chase-

He was an outspoken Federalist in the Court who the House impeached, but the Senate did not convict because they didn’t want to set a bad precedent and the Court became solely concerned with answering the question at hand the way the Constitution dictates.

74d. Toussaint L’Ouverture-

Led the Haitian Revolution, which caused many refugees to move to the U.S. and made the Southern slaveholders fear a slave rebellion. 

74e. Tecumseh-

Shawnee war chief who tried to get allyship from natives in the South, but when he went, William Henry Harrison attacked at the Battle of Tippecanoe. He allied with the British during the early 1800’s.

74f. War Hawks-

Those like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun who pushed for the War of 1812.

74g. Nicholas Biddle-

He was the president of the national bank, he highly opposed Jackson’s plan to kill the bank and called in all loans.

74h. Martin Van Buren-

Jackson’s VP and successor. He was a key leader of the Democratic Party and a key component of Jackson’s success. He continued many of his policies in his presidency.

75. Why was the acceptance of a free-market economy so crucial to the development of America in the early 1800s?

The free market economy allowed for competition, which improved price and quality. The advancements in technology that came during the 1800’s allowed the country to be more connected and the economy thrived. Many jobs were created and there were more opportunities for work. It also increased the standard of living. The North’s market revolution also developed some of the regional differences that would lead to the Civil War. If not a free market economy, the opposite is a command economy, where the government owns everything, which would be harmful with the structure of the government at that time

76. Discuss the impact of the Second Great Awakening.  Include the “burned-over district” and the development of new denominations.

The Second Great awakening was a series of religious revivals that both influenced politics and the social reform movements of the early 1800’s. It is a Protestant movement. Many new denominations, including the Mormons, were born during this time, increasing the religious diversity of the country. The “burned-over district” was a place in upstate New York where many new denominations were born and/or prospered during this time. (Charles Grandison Finney)

77. List the four components of the Monroe Doctrine.  What led President Monroe to issue the Monroe Doctrine?  What is the significance of the Monroe Doctrine?

America is neutral in European conflicts, if a country in the Western hemisphere declares independence, America will give it diplomatic recognition, will also set up trade relations, and the Monroe Doctrine also declared the Western hemisphere closed to colonization. The Monroe Doctrine dictated foreign policy for years, and set up American trade relations with Mexico and other Latin countries. 

78. During the early 1800s, why did nationalism gain, then lose, popularity?

Nationalism gained popularity with the “Era of Good Feelings” and lost popularity with the emergence of debates over slavery with the Missouri Compromise, and later the Civil War. The division of the West creates regionalism in the country.

79. Compare and contrast the characteristics of the colonial economy with the market economy.  What causes the shift from the colonial economy to the market economy?  What were the effects of the shift?

The colonial economy was mainly trading and contained a lot of farming, there was no currency, just baterting, while the market economy contained goods and services of any kind, and led to the mainstream use of currency. The shift was caused by new inventions, competition, job creation, and the new factory systems emerging and started in the east coast, as well as population and economic growth There was more employment and need for currency and therefore banking. More economic choice and a need for skilled labor, and the emergence of the cult of domesticity. Effects were that productivity, efficiency, standard of living, demand, jobs, and income all increased while prices decreased.

80. Discuss the causes and effects of the War of 1812.  Include Andrew Jackson, the battle of Horseshoe Bend, Francis Scott Key, battle of New Orleans, Treaty of Ghent.

Causes- Britain and France did not get along with each other, so when America helped one, the other got mad. France shut down coastal ports from Britain, which harmed the U.S. Then Britain responds with a blockade that hurt the U.S. The Chesapeake-Leonard incident and other forms of British impressment. Redcoats still occupied Northwestern territories, plus natives in the West allied with Britain against American expansion. 

War- Andrew Jackson was seen as a war hero for conquering lands in the South throughout the war. The Battle of Horseshoe Bend was fought in Alabama against the Creeks. Jackson marched and attacked while others burned buildings, the Creeks lands were given to the U.S., contributed to the American effort during the War of 1812. The Battle of New Orleans was the last battle of the war, it occurred at the same time that the Treaty of Ghent was negotiated, and gave Americans a better feeling about the war since NOLA was a victory. The Treaty of Ghent declared status quo antebellum, meaning nobody won.

Effects- The treaty made Britain acknowledge American independence, remove their redcoats, and stop capturing American ships. The war proved America could fight on its own, and with it over, the “Era of Good Feelings” began. 

81. Describe the meaning behind “the era of good feelings.”

The “Era of Good Feelings” began after the War of 1812, it signaled a new chapter in America, as all tensions and loose ends from the Revolution were dealt with. The economy was good, foreign relations were good, and the government was fully structured and working.

82. Examine the differences between Jeffersonian and Jacksonian democracy.  Was Jacksonianism an attack on privilege?

Jefferson preferred yeoman farmers, education, limited government, but cities, elite educations, and a more national economy/government emerged. Jackson valued democracy, urban schools, states rights, republican values, and ushered in an era of social reform in his wake.  Jefferson was also elitist, wanted educated people with vested interest to participate, while Jackson wanted everyone to participate. Jacksonsonianism was more anti-establishment than anything. Jacksonianism did in some ways attack privilege by prioritizing the common people and their needs, even if it was harmful to the elite.

83. Give a chronology of the development of political parties by the time of Jackson.

After George Washington’s presidency, the Hamiltonian Federalists and Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans emerged. Feds believed in loose construction (strong national power) and Dem-Reps believed in strict construction (state power). The Federalists died soon after Hamilton, and the Dem-Reps split into Democrats (Jacksonianism) and National-Republicans (similar to Federalists, led by JQA). The National-Republicans join with the Anti-Jacksonians to form the Whig party.

84. Explain the immediate and long-range consequences of the split between Jackson and Calhoun.  

Calhoun, after he and Jackson begin to dislike each other, becomes a key figure in the Nullification Crisis. Calhoun, from South Carolina believes that South Carolina should either nullify the tariff of abominations or secede. This brings about the compact theory and Webster’s perpetual union theory. The country nearly went to war, but the results of that split and the crisis are the views on secession that lead to the Civil War.

85.Explain the importance of Clay, Calhoun, and Webster as spokesmen for their regions.  Include positions on tariff, banking, internal improvements, expansion, and slavery.

Clay was a very influential Congressmen, and from Kentucky, he was able to represent news of the West. Calhoun was an outspoken leader in the South and his views both represented the South, and allowed for compromise. Webster was from New England, and as a Whig, he represented most of New England and some of the left-over Federalists. The three were known as the Great Triumvirate and unified against Jackson. Clay and Webster were pro-tariffs, but Calhoun was not, it made things more expensive. Clay and Webster also loved the national bank, while Calhoun didn’t. Clay and Webster highly valued internal improvements, while Calhoun just wanted the state to pay for it. All were expansionists in some way, Clay and Calhounmore so because Webster was cautious about expansion wanting to protect perpetual union. Clay and Calhoun both owned slaves, Webster was an ablitionist.

86. Describe the circumstances surrounding the elections of 1824, 1828, 1832, 1840.

1824- Four people were running; JQA, Clay, Jackson, and William Crawford. None had the majority, but Jackson had the most votes, so it went to the House. As Speaker, Clay made a “corrupt bargain”, picking JQA so he could be his heir apparent and Secretary of State. Jackson was upset, since he had the most votes.   1828- Jackson was upset from 1824, and had campaigned as a “common man”. Campaigning was not regularly done, but Jackson won 178-83.   1832- After the Petticoat Affair (Peggy Eaton), and the Tariff of Abominations in 1828 (Nullification Crisis), Jackson ran with Van Buren instead of Calhoun, he also won by a larger margin. 1840- AFter the Panic of 1837, William Henry Harrison, a Whig ran with his Log Cabin Campaign, which wrongly painted him as growing up in a log cabin. He ran with an Anti-jacksonian with Democratic ideals in order to get Southern votes.

87. Explain how the United States came to control Florida.

Jackson violated Pickney’s treaty by taking Florida in 1819, sending word to the Secretary of War (Calhoun), not the Secretary of State. Sec of State (JQA) apologizes and negotiates the Adams-Onis Treaty. The treaty gave the U.S. Florida for $5 million paid off Spain’s debt, and the U.S. gave up trying to take Texas (for now) 

88. Explain Clay’s American System.

It included a high protective tariff on manufactured goods to protect domestic manufacturers, it would have strengthened the national bank (before it got killed), gave support to internal improvements (infrastructure), and put value on economies of scale. The American System benefited those in cities more than those in the rural South.

89. Explain patronage as used during Andrew Jackson’s presidency.

Jackson believed that whoever wins, should fill positions with those who he chooses. He selected Jacksonians who supported him, despite some being uneducated and inexperienced. He believed that it was healthy for democracy.

90. What did Andrew Jackson’s victory in 1828 signal?  What was Jackson’s view on the role of the government?  How is this view seen in his actions as President?

It signaled the “era of the common man” and shifted the country towards egalitarianism. Jackson believed that the government is supposed to protect the rights of states. He vetoed many things that gave the federal government more power for bills that protected state power.

91. Compare and contrast the National Republicans with the Jacksonian Democrats.

NRs- Federal over state power, cautious movement west, contained anti-Jacksonians, valued industry and manufacturing, located mainly in New England and the coast. Jack-Dems- “Common man”, state over federal government, typically pro-slavery, anti-establishment, anti-elite/privilege Both- Formed from the Dem-Reps, both contained republican and democratic ideals. Main differences are over Clay’s American system, Whigs want national authority, Dems want state authority

92. What prompted Jackson’s Indian Relocation program?  Include discussion of Cherokee Nation v. GA & Worcester v. GA.

Georgia wanted Creek land and negotiated the Treaty of Indian Springs without the Creek nations consent (William McIntosh) The Cherokee Cases tried to stop it but in Cherokee Nation v. GA, the SC declared that only citizens could go to the SC, so they got David Worcester to sue in Worcester v. GA,  which negated the Treaty of Indian Springs and maintained the federal treaty with the Cherokee. Jackson disagreed and ignored the ruling. He wanted to expand the country, thus prompting the Indian Removal Act.

93. Explain the nullification crisis involving the tariff of 1828.  How does this “preview” the Civil War?

The Tariff of Abominations made the South upset (even though they negotiated it) and South Carolina refused to pay. They claimed that state’s rights let them nullify it. South Carolina also threatened to secede, thus creating the compact theory and the perpetual union theory. The value of state’s rights and the compact theory were both important because they contribute to South Carolina’s secession in 1860.

94a. Elizabeth Cady Stanton-

She was a leader in the women’s rights movement. She pushed for women’s suffrage and was a key leader at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848.

94b. Sojourner Truth-

A former slave who was crucial to the women’s rights and abolitionist movements

94c. Willliam Lloyd Garrison-

A prominent abolitionist, he later founded The Liberator and the New England Anti-Slavery Society

94d. Frederick Douglass-

Educated freed slave who wrote several autobiographies and was a key leader of the abolitionist movement and paved the way for the civil rights movement

94e. Harriet Tubman-

Key leader in the underground railroad and the civil rights movement.

94f. Dorothea Dix-

Social reformer of the 19^th century. She was a leader in reform for education, hospitals, mental health care, and prison reform movements.

94g. Horace Mann-

Leader in the education reform movement. He worked as secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education and used his position to better public education by lengthening the school year and setting standards for what children should learn.

94h. Lyman Beecher-

Preacher during the Second Great Awakening. He was a key part of the temperance movement and used his platform to spread the revival and better the government.

94i. Catherine Beecher-

Daughter of Lyman Beecher, Catherine Beecher was a leader in the women’s rights movement. She released her Treatise of Domestic Economy with her Cult of Domesticity. She believed women should work to make sure their families' homes are a happy and safe place for their families.

95a. transcendentalism-

It was a movement that focused on Equality and individual fulfillment. A goal of the movement was to teach people not to rely on society.

95b. temperance-

It was a precursor to the prohibition movement. Temperance wanted to limit alcohol consumption in order to help people make better choices, prevent domestic abuse, as well as poverty and suicide.

95c. public education-

Leaders of the movement wanted to make sure everyone had the education to allow them to work as an adult.

95d. reforming prisons-

Leaders wanted to de-crowd prisons, make them a better environment, and separate prisoners, mainly women and the mentally ill from men. They focused on making prisons rehabilitative  and not solely a punishment.

95e. utopian communities-

Many transcendentalists created Utopian communities like Brook Farm in order to take people away from the flaws of society and talk deep thoughts

95f. abolitionism-

Abolitionism was the movement for the abolition of slavery.

95g. colonization-

The favoring of expanding a government into colonies in another location. 

95h. hospital reform-

Focused on treating patients better, and separating the mentally ill from prisoners and giving them a form of care.

95i. women’s rights-

Women’s rights is still a fight, but then it focused on suffrage, economic equality, and the prevention of domestic abuse.

96. What was the Seneca Falls convention about?  Who headed this convention?  What was the most controversial resolution passed by the convention? Why?

It was a convention about women’s rights. The convention was led mostly by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, but Frederick Douglass was also in attendance. The Declaration of Sentiments, the manifesto that came out of the convention, declared that men and women should be completely equal. It was controversial because even many women didn’t believe it to be true, women had been seen as inferior for generations.

97. Explain the reasons for and significance of the Missouri Compromise.  What did Jefferson say about it?

Missouri wanted to become a state in 1820, but had to figure out if it would be free or slave. It became a slave state, but Maine was created to be a free state. All states north of Missouri’s southern border would be free. Jefferson said that it was a “firebell in the night” because he thought it would lead to war.

98. Discuss industrial development in New England during this period.  Include Samuel Slater, Robert Fulton, Eli Whitney.

Many new technologies were invented during this time, which brought on the first part of the Industrial Revolution. Samuel Slater, a Brit who wanted to share the designs of the machine that started their Industrial Revolution, illegally left England with the plans to make the machinery. Textiles became prominent as a result and many women worked in textile factories. Eli Whitney invented his cotton gin hoping to decrease slavery, but since it made preparing cotton easier, it increased slavery exponentially. He also created the idea of interchangeable parts, which made manufacturing way easier. Robert Fulton created the first steam engine and steam boat. His contract is represented in Gibbons v. Ogden and the steam engine was a great replacement for other energy sources.

99. Why is this period known as the canal era?

Canals like the Erie Canal became very long and were a key part of transportation (of people and objects) during this era.

100. Discuss the significance of the Webster-Hayne debates.

Context: Nullification Crisis. The Webster-Hayne debates took place in Congress, Hayne representing John C. Calhoun. The debates discussed the matter of secession, Hayne argued Calhoun’s compact theory (states can secede because they came together to make the Union) vs. Webster’s perpetual union (the National Supremacy clause means the national government prevents states from seceding). The debates laid the groundwork for South Carolina’s reasoning for secession. Webster was right because the North won the Civil War

101a. James Fenimore Cooper-

He was known as the first American novelist who wrote about American stories. Wrote The Last of the Mohicans..

101b. Melville-

A more pessimistic writer, he became a critic of transcendentalism and wrote Moby Dick.

101c. Hawthorne-

Also pessimistic, his acclaim comes from The Scarlet Letter, a book about excessive individualism. He was also a transcendentalist

101d. Emerson-

The leader of transcendentalism in the 19^th century. He published several writings, including Self Reliance. He also took part in the Brook Farm experiment.

101e. Thoreau-

Emerson’s protege, Thoreau was also an influential transcendentalist. He secluded himself at Walden Pond, and wrote Walden as a result of his thoughts. He also wrote his On Civil Disobedience from jail after refusing to pay taxes to a government that allowed slavery.

101f. Poe-

American writer/poet who is known for his dark writing and even horror stories. His most famous work is “The Raven”. His work has inspired things like the detective genre.

101g. Washington Irving-

Frustrated with America, Irving spent many years in Europe and became the first American writer widely known in Europe. His most famous works are “Rip Van Winkle”, “Ichabod Crane” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.

101h. Longfellow-

(Henry Wadsworth?) He was the most famous American poet during the 19^th century. His works include The Song of Hiawatha and “Paul Revere’s Ride”.

101i. Whitman-

Inspired by Emerson and transcendentalism, Whitman decided to change professions from printer to poet. He wrote a collection of poems called Leaves of Grass, where he told of his transcendentalist beliefs. 

101j. Alexis de Tocqueville-

A Frenchman, de Tocqueville was a man of many professions and traveled to America. He wrote Democracy in America and supported an enlightened self-interest and voluntary associationism.

102. Explain the rise of nativism as it related to Irish and German immigration.  Include the formation of the Know-Nothing Party

Many Irish and German immigrants came to the United States in the 19^th century, and the main reason people were upset was because of the jobs taken by the immigrants (who were willing to do more for less). Nativism grew out of WASPs (White Anglo-Saxon Protestants) frustration with the immigration “problem”. The Irish were specifically targeted because they were Catholic. They formed the Know-Nothing Party [aka (native) American Party)] to push back on immigration.