Foods of Animal Origin Intro

What things are classified as foods of animal origin?

meats, milk, eggs, seafood, dairy products, organ meat not grains nuts veggies or fruit

Are animals a more important source of calories or protein?

more important source of 40 and supplies world 40% of protein

What are the animal protein sources?

meat 48.4%, milk 26%, fish 17%, eggs 8.6%

What are offal?

entrails or internal organs used as food

What are important factors for food selection and evaluation?

sensory criteria, nutritional criteria, cultural and religious values, psychological and social needs, and budgetary/financial concerns

What is important about sight in sensory criteria?

color, shape, consistency, serving size

What is important about odor in sensory criteria?

spicy, flowery, fruity, resinous (eucalyptus), burnt, fatty/greasy, foul violate molecules are important, and we have 10-20 million olfactory cells but 100 million in rabbits

What are violate molecules?

molecules capable of evaporating like a gas into the air

What is important about taste in sensory criteria?

the most influential sense, don’t taste on flat, central surface on tongue we taste on underside, sides and tip the five tastes are sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and savory (umami) and sometimes the tastes are received on different parts of tongue but umami is always found on the middle and is associated with MSG

What is taste?

taste has genetic variation like cilantro, and is different between individuals also temperature under 58F (15C) and over 35C (95F) affect temperature and makes them harder to distinguish, also color time of day age gender and hunter affect and it relies on the taste buds which is a connection of brain via nerves

What is flavor?

a broader concept than taste, and aroma is about 75% impression of flavor, sensory chemists and flavor technologists can manipulate flavor by preventing volatile compounds responsible for deteriorating escaping or reacting with others also methods of processing storage cooking and packaging are criticla

What is important about touch in the sensory criteria?

in mouth feel course, crisp, dry, moist, lumpy, smooth, greasy etc, consistency is big, astringency is also a thing, and chemethesis

What is astringency?

draws proteins naturally found in mouth’s saliva and mucous membranes found in grapes, green tea and vinegar causes that fuzzy feeling

What is chemethesis?

the sensitivity of mucosal surfaces to environmental chemicals and capsaicin elicits chemethesis and capsaicin is a chemical irritant found in peppers

What is important about hearing in sensory criteria?

hearing certain sounds like snaps or sizzling and bubbling can elicit feelings and certain sounds make you think about certain things like frying bacon sounds

What is important about nutritional criteria?

MyPlate is the new dietary guidelines there is no more food pyramid, the “healthiest” (scientifically proven) diets are Pesco-Meditarranean which contains lots of plants, nuts, EVOO, fish/seafood, Intermittent fasting, Low Carb

What does the food pyramid look like?

biggest layer is vegetables/fruit (5-7 servings), then whole grains (3-5), then dairy (3), then protein (3), then fats/oils (small amounts) smallest layer is foods and drinks high in fat, sugar, and salt (not every day)

What does the MyPlate guide look like?

half your plate fruits and veggies, then a little more than a fourth plate whole grains, and a palm sized amount of protein at lunch and dinner then you have a glass on the side and its dairy and says 3 servings

Why is the MyPlate guide better than the food pyramid?

it is more intutive and easier to use

What is the DASH diet?

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension want to avoid fatty meats, full fat dairy, sugar sweetened beverages, sweets, and sodium intake

What is the Blue Zone diet?

low on animal sourced foods less than 2oz about 5x a month of meat, and then reduce dairy eliminate eggs no more than 3/week, and go easy on fish less than 3oz about 3x a week

What is important about Cultural Criteria?

dictate what is or is not acceptable to eat - other Foods of Animal Origin like natives in australia eat insects and some places eat whale blubber and dog is delicacy in some places or snails in france

What is important about ethnicity and geography in regards to cultural criteria?

ethnicity influences choices and increasingly diverse populations means there is travel and access to new things also place of birth like salsa is different in all the countries in south america, and geography and climate were main determinants in food availability and foods grown close to where people lived so rare foods are “exotic”

What is important about religious criteria?

religious beliefs are strong influences and may declare which foods are or are not acceptable like Christianity - ham on christmas/easter eggs at easter no meat on fridays, Buddism - Karuna (compassion) and karma some think its uncompassionate to eat flesh, some are vegetarians, Hinduism - promotes vegetarianism, Seventh Day Adventist Church - vegetarian diet recommended, Mormon Church -discourages consumption of alcohol, coffee, tea and says meat is sparingly but studies show significantly lower death rates related to heart disease/cancer

What is important about Kosher laws in regards to Religious Criteria?

it comes from Judaism and contains Kashruth which are dietary laws for orthodox Jews, and Kosher which say only ruminants with split hooves and chew cud are allowed, also poultry allowed but no carnivores, pork, fish w/o scales/fins, catfish, reptiles, egg yolks with blood and slaughtered animals under supervision of a rabbit to ensure blood properly removed and labeled with kosher logo and blood not allowed and neither is mixing milk and meat

What is important about Halal vs. Haram in regards to religious criteria?

based in Islam and Halal are permitted and haram are prohibited foods in the Koran the five major areas are Certain animals not allowed, blood not allowed, improper slaughter methods, Carrion (decaying carcass) not allowed, Intoxicants, similar to Judaism where animals slaughtered so blood is fully drained

What is important about Psychological and Sociological Criteria?

Advertising, social conscience, and peer pressure, develop sense of security - readily available food, hospitality and status, bioengineering and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and like allergies, gene contamination, religious/cultural concerns, acceptance or rejection, and organic foods

What is biotechnology?

genetic engineering, the alteration of a gene in a bacterium, plant, or animal for the purpose of changing one or more of its characteristicsF

Foods created with biotechnology, benefits to increase food’s resistance to?

Pests, Disease, Harsh growing conditions, transport damage, spoilage

What was the first genetically engineered food approved by the FDA?

Calgene’s FlavrSavr and it was tomato that could ripen on vine but still withstand shipping without bruising but no one ate it

Are GMOs bad for us?

there is no relationship between GMOs and mutations, fertility pregnancy and offspring are unaffected by GMOs, Organ health and function unaffected by GMOs, no evidence for gene transfer between GMOs and consumers so no they are not bad for us

What is the definition of organic according to USDA?

food produced without most synthetic pesticides and fertilizers (including sewage sludge), crops that have not been genetically modified, livestock produced without antibiotics, and food products that have not been irradiated

What are the certification levels of organic?

100% organic = 100% of ingredients are organic, Organic = 95% or more of the ingredients are organic, Made with Organic Ingredients = 70% or more of the ingredients are organic, Some Organic Ingredients = less than 70% of the ingredients are organic

What are some important money stats about food in the US?

USDA says in 2019 11% of disposable income on food, in 2023 that means $46,646

Do foods of animal origin make up a significant component of the standard American or Western diet?

Yes with some exceptions like Vegetarians, Lacto-ovo (eats dairy/eggs no meat), Vegans, and Allergies which occur when your immune system reacts to a foreign substance

What is important about Budgetary Criteria?

cost is a limiting factor for food purchasing, types and brands of food bought, frequency of restaurant visited, also applies to time - convenience foods more economical even if more expensive

What are the start of US Consumer Food Trends?

looks different than it does now, 50 years ago biggest nutritional concern was fat, not salt cholesterol, sugar or calories, not concerned or even knew about GMOs, gluten preservatives, started consuming less red meat and whole milk and began eating more poultry, reduced fat milk, wheat/rice

What are the US Consumer Trends from Food Marketing Institute (FMI)?

7 trends, a focus on health, transparency and sustainability, social consciousness, trust, influence on the tribe, the digital self, the rapid advance of technology

What are some current US consumer food trends?

plant based proteins, alternative milk products, alternative nut spreads, zero waste, low impact, organic, lab grown meats

What are 5 factors that affect food cost?

supply and demand- fuel costs, biofuel production, Weather - drought, Disease Outbreaks - BSE, Covid, War - increased taxes and sanctions, Natural Disasters - hurricanes, tornados, flooding

What are 5 Factors Affecting Food Purchasing?

Cost/Income - food affordable?, Cultural Preferences - holiday foods, dietary restrictions, Individual Preferences/Needs - likes/dislikes, allergies/sensitivities, performance neds, Availability/ Accessibility- is the food sourced in geographical area, can it be shipped, Advertisement - stigma/bullying, hype/popularity