HL Biology 11th Grade Examples and Purpose

Striated Muscle Cells

Multi-nucleated cells, challenges cell theory

Red Blood Cells

No nuclei and does not replicate, challenges cell theory

Fungal Hyphae

Cells that appear to be roots, multi nucleated, challenges cell theory

Phloem Sieve Tube

Have no organelles, yet are still considered cells, challenges cell theory

Myxococcus xanthus

Rod-shaped bacterium, differentiates into spores

Slime Mould

A colony of single celled organisms that can form a multi cellular body

Retinoic Acids

Guides differentiation of forelimbs, pancreas, lungs, kidneys

Bone marrow

Multipotent blood cell

erythrocytes

flat disc shape cells, increases S.A

Proximal convoluted tubles

In kidney, has microvilli that increase S.A

Potassium and glucose

Hydrophillic glucose bonds to potassium which can pass bilayer, example of active transportation and passive transportation

Budding Yeast Cells

unequal cytokinesis (budding), small cell receives nucleus and buds off

Oogenesis

unequal cytokinesis of oocyte (egg), only egg stays, sperm absorbed

Bacteriophage

DNA virus, both positive and negative strand DNA, non-enveloped, targets gram - bacteria like e-coli

COVID-19

RNA virus, positive sense, enveloped, zoonotic from bats, targets mammalian cells

HIV

RNA retrovirus, reverse transcription, enveloped, targets t-cells

Cholesterol

Lipid, steroid, precursor template steroid

Adipose Tissues

Layer of connective tissue between skin and organs

Lipoproteins

carries hydrophobic substances in blood

LDL

Low-density lipoprotein, bad cholesterol, builds up into plaque

HDL

High-density lipoprotein, good cholesterol

Hemoglobin

Conjugated protein, iron as prosthetic group

Insulin

Non-conjugated protein

Enzymes

Globular proteins, circular for S.A

Phosphodiester Bonds

Bonds formed between DNA replication

Glycosidic Bond

Bonds formed between carbohydrates

Peptide Bond

Bonds formed between amino acids

DNA Replication

Semi-conservative, keeps half new half old

Which enzyme proof reads the new DNA?

DNA Polymerase III

Okazaki Fragments

Fragments on lagging strands, lack of phosphodiester bonds

TAQ DNA Polymerase

Originated from Thermus aquaticus, a prokaryote, has high heat tolerance

Examples of non-coding DNA

STR, enhancers, silencers, telomeres

what theory proposes that information flows only in one direction?

Theory of Molecular Biology

Post Transcription modifications

Poly-A Tail, splicing, methyl cap

Proteasomes

Large protein that breaks unused protein to be recycled

Transcriptional gene regulation

Methylation - reduces transcription via methyl groups, environmental

Nucleosome spacing - more space between nucleosomes allow control of transcription

Sickle Cell Disease

Base substitution change (nitrogenous base), has its own allele (normal is hemoglobin)

Difference between homologous and sister chromosomes?

Homologous have same genes, different alleles; sister chromatids have same gene and allele

Can prokaryotic cells share genetic material?

Yes, via conjugation

Methods of karyotyping

Amniocentesis, chorionic villi sampling

Germinal cells

Cells that only go through meiosis (egg, sperm)

The resulting genes after crossing over are?

Recombinant chromosomes

Place where bivalent chromosomes cross over?

Chiasma

Example of incomplete dominance?

Four o clock marvel flower

Example of codominance?

Blood typing

Example of autosomal recessive disease?

Phenylketonuria (PKU), cause phenylalanine to build up due to a lack of enzyme production

Example of a sex-linked disease

Hemophilia, blood fails to clot properly

Phenotypic plasticity vs adaptation?

Phenotypic plasticity changes the phenotype expression but retains genotype. Adaptation changes the gene pool

Main components of CRISPR

CAS9 enzyme (viral origins) splits desired DNA and gRNA delivers enzymes. PAM sequences are where spacers share a common sequence that’s targeted by cas.

Examples of mixotrophs

Dodder, euglena

Example of mutalism

Rhizobia (bacteria) and fabacea (legume)

Example of invasive species

Red lionfish

Example of a biomagnification toxin?

DDT, results in weakened egg structure after accumulating in birds

Examples of pioneer species

Moss, grass, lichen

Factors of Biodiversity Crisis

Agriculture, overexploitation, urbanization, deforeatstion, pollution, invasive species/disease

Difference between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes:
1. 80s ribosomes
2. Membrane bound organelles
3. DNA in nucleus

Prokaryotes:
1. 70s ribosomes
2. Non-bounded membrane organelles
3. DNA in nucleoid

Oligosaccharides

sugar chains on glycoproteins and glycolipids

Which experiment disproved spontaneous generation?

Louis Pasteur’s swan-neck flask experiment

Which experiment supported the theory of abiogenesis?

Miller-Urey experiment producing simple carbon compounds

Evidence for mitochondria and chloroplasts being bacterias

1.Circular DNA
2. Similar membrane structure
3. 70s ribosomes
4. can self-replicate

Positive sense vs negative sense viruses

positive sense uses gene to make mRNA; negative sense transcribes genes in order to make mRNA

Progressive hypothesis

virus came before cells due to their simplicity; virus like components in some cells

Regressive hypothesis

Viruses came after cells due to loss of cell components; virus need hosts

Why does HIV rapidly evolve?

reverse transcriptase doesn’t check for errors

methylation

methyl groups are added to DNA which reduces rate of transcription

nucleosome spacing

more space between nucleosomes leading to more transcription

gene, locus, allele

gene - section of DNA; locus - position of gene; allele - different ver of gene

statins

competitve inhibitor that lowers LDL

Penicillin

permanent competitive enzyme inhibitor; targets transpeptidase

What is an example of an end-product inhibition?

threonine being converted to isoleucine