Abnormal Approach

Role of sociocultural factors, prevalence of disorders

Brown + Harris: Role of risk factors in development of Major Depressive Disorder. Women who were clinically depressed in previous year had experience adverse life event/ difficulty. Working class with children more likely to develop depression. 3 factors: Protective, vulnerability and provoking. High social status linked to

Prevalence of disorders, etiologies of abnormal behaviors

Becker: Role of Western media on self-media on self-image and self-esteem on inhabitants of Tonga islands. Natural experiment. Girls were given western test that determined attitudes. Difference in scores on tests and reported behaviors. Different groups: one in 1995 and other in 1998

Treatment

Riggs: Cognitive behavioral therapy is still effective without drug therapy. Double blind study with depressed teens. Control and experimental had similar results. Depression and behaviors continued to decrease after study

Effectiveness of treatment

Cuijpers: Impact of psychotherapy in adult depression. Found some form of therapy was more effective than non-treatment.

Diagnosis

Bolton: Western diagnosis of depression accepted by the local community as a valid description of their response to trauma. Disorders names already existed. Matched depression along with other symptoms. Emic approach needed in diagnosis.

Diagnosis

Lobbestael et al: Reliability of diagnosis. Interviews with patients and non-patients. Two psychiatrists were diagnosis-ing. Higher reliability in personality disorders than MDD. Single-blind. Audiotapes.

Bias in Diagnosis

Li-Repat: Role of stereotyping in diagnosis. American and Chinese clinicians. American and Chinese men were to be diagnosed. Interviews. White found lower esteem in Chinese and depressed. Chinese found aggression in whites.

Bias in Diagnosis

Mendel: Psychiatrists would be affected by conformation bias. Given summary of old man. Written as though he had depression, but was diagnosed with Alzheimer’s. 1/3 made incorrect diagnosis

Etiology

Alloy: Role one’s cognitive style plays in development of depression. Pattern of negative schema play role in MDD. Half of students had history, other half didn’t. Test to measure cognitive style, then identified as HR or LR. Longitudinal study. Half with no-history: some in HR developed. Half with history: some relapsed.

Etiology

Joiner: Thinking is vulnerability factor. Role of depressive and anxious thinking patterns on development of MDD symptoms. Students assessed 2 weeks before and after test through 3 tests. Natural experiment. Students who failed had higher scores post. Students who did well showed no increase. Students already scored low had no difference in scores.