AP Biology Cheat Sheet Flashcards

Flashcards for AP Biology review, covering key vocabulary terms and concepts from the provided lecture notes.

Cohesion

Water molecules stick to each other due to hydrogen bonds.

Adhesion

Water molecules stick to other surfaces due to hydrogen bonds.

Hydrolysis

Cleavage of monomer bonds by the addition of water.

Dehydration Synthesis

Formation of bonds between monomers by the removal of water.

Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA; made of nucleotides, carry genetic information.

Nucleotide

Monomer of nucleic acids; made of (1) deoxy/ribose, (2) phosphate group, (3) nitrogenous base.

Proteins

Made of amino acids; order of the polypeptide determines protein's structure and function.

Carbohydrates

Made of sugar monomers; store energy.

Lipids

Nonpolar, vary in saturation; found in cell membranes.

Ribosomes

Organelles that make proteins.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Organelle that detoxifies and makes lipids.

Golgi Complex

Organelle that folds and packages proteins.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell; site of ATP production.

Lysosomes

Organelles that expel waste.

Phospholipid Bilayer

Selectively permeable membrane; small nonpolar molecules pass easily, large polar molecules need channel proteins.

Passive Transport

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, without ATP cost.

Facilitated Diffusion

Uses proteins to move molecules across the membrane.

Active Transport

Movement of molecules from low to high concentration, with ATP cost.

Endosymbiosis Theory

Theory that organelles merged to form new species.

Enzymes

Lower activation energy to catalyze chemical reactions.

Active Site

The region of an enzyme where the substrate binds.

Competitive Inhibitors

Compete for an enzyme's active site.

Noncompetitive Inhibitors

Sabotage active site binding on an enzyme.

Photosynthesis

Process where chlorophylls charge electrons in photosystems I and II with light energy; Calvin cycle powers carbohydrate production.

Cell Respiration

Process that transfers electrons to create a proton gradient to produce ATP; requires O2.

Fermentation

Process that makes ATP without O2.

Paracrine Signaling

Signaling to nearby cells.

Endocrine Signaling

Signaling over long distances.

Autocrine Signaling

Signaling within one's own cell.

Signal Transduction

Reception -> Transduction -> Response.

Ligand

A molecule that binds to a cell membrane receptor.

Negative Feedback

Reduces the stimulus.

Positive Feedback

Increases the response.

Mitosis

Cell duplicates entire genome -> identical daughter cells.

Meiosis

Diploid set of chromosomes become haploid (n).

Crossing Over

Homologous chromosomes swap bits; increases genetic diversity.

Independent Assortment

Increases genetic diversity.

Genotype

Genetic makeup.

Phenotype

Appearance.

DNA Replication

Replicates 5' to 3' semi-conservative way.

Helicase

Unwinds DNA.

Topoisomerase

Prevents DNA coiling.

DNA Polymerase

Builds DNA molecule.

Ligase

Combines fragments in lagging strand.

Transcription

DNA copied into RNA.

Translation

Ribosome reads mRNA to create a protein.

Gene Expression

Regulated by transcription factors (eukaryotic) or operons (prokaryotic).

Gel Electrophoresis

Separates DNA fragments by size.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

Amplifies DNA segments.

Natural Selection

Competition + Selective Pressure.

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

Used to predict equilibrium frequencies.

Homeostasis

Maintain internal equilibrium, respond to environment.

Endotherm

Use heat to maintain internal temperature.

Logistic Growth

Population growth creates an S curve.

Simpson's Diversity Index

Calculates ecosystem diversity.

Commensalism

A species interaction where one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped.

Mutualism

A species interaction where both species benefit.

Parasitism

A species interaction where one species benefits and the other is harmed.

Predator-Prey

A species interaction where one species eats the other.