PHA612 LEC: Chapter 8 Miscellaneous Inorganic Pharmaceutical Agents

Inhalants

Special class in inhalations consisting of drugs or combination of drugs that, by their high vapor pressure, can be carried by an air current into the nasal passage where they exert their effect

OXYGEN USP

Inhalants

Dephlogisticated Air, Aire Vital, Fire Air, Aire Puro

• Fractional Distillation of Liquid Aire (Linde Process)

• Electrolysis of Water

Responsible for oxidative changes in paints, fats, oil, and so on.

Stores in cylinders which are usually green-colored or carry a green label

Rapid combustion = no smoking or open flames nearby and precautions should be taken against ignition by sparks from electrical appliances, clothing, or bedding

Inhalant

All pathological conditions accompanied by cyanosis and dyspnea are relieved by inhalation of oxygen

Administered by nasal tubes, masks, or in tents

Should be given for a limited time (poisoning by carbon monoxide, coal gas, nitrous oxide, chloroform, and so on.OXYGEN USP

CARBON DIOXIDE USP

Inhalants

Carbonic Acid Gas, Carbonic Anhydride

Supplied in cylinders gray metallic colors

Used in admixture with oxygen and air as a respiratory stimulant for persons suffering from impairment of the respiratory organs in diseases such as pneumonia and cases of asphyxiation

Dry Ice - frozen form of CO₂ - used in treatment of skin conditions such as acne, angiomas, corn and calluses, eczema, moles, psoriasis, and warts; destroys tissue by freezing it

Used to make carbonated beverages

Used to displaced air in parenteral and topical preparations that are easily oxidized but it much be so stated on the label.

Helium USP

Inhalants

Supplied in brown cylinders

Overcome the difficulty in respiration

Lighter than air, causes the pitch of sounds uttered by the vocal cords to increase

NITROUS OXIDE USP

Inhalants

Nitrogen Monoxide, Dinitrogen Monoxide, Laughing Gas

Small quantities = cause intoxication or insobriety (hence called as laughing gas)

Large quantities = anesthetic

Used as inhalation for temporary anesthesia

NITROGEN USP

Inhalants

Azote

Official pharmaceutical air to displace air

Lengthens the shelf life of products that easily oxidize

Used to dispel air in parenteral and topical preparation

AMMONIUM CARBONATE NF

Respiratory Stimulants

Preston Salt, Sal Volatile, Baker's Ammonia, Ammonium Sesquicarbonate

Basis of smelling salts, so valuable in hysterical syncope

Used as leavening agent, hance, the name Baker’s Ammonia

Source of Ammonia

AROMATIC AMMONIA SPIRIT USP

Respiratory Stimulants

It is used as a respiratory stimulantof which vapors may beinhaled.

Respiratory Stimulants

• Used to stimulate the respiratory system or restore normal respiration when our lungs are unable to eliminate a sufficient amount of carbon dioxide and unable to take sufficient amount of oxygen molecule

• Aromatic Ammonia Spirit - ammonium carbonate NF and strong ammonia solution NF; used to revive an unconscious person who may faint or “has the wind knocked out of him”

Expectorants

• Used to orally stimulate the flow of respiratory tract secretions

• This facilitated flow will allow ciliary motion and coughing to move the loosened material toward the pharynx more easily

• Used in the treatment of respiratory disorders in which secretions are purulent, viscid, or excessive

Emetics

• Drugs that induce vomiting

• Useful in expelling ingested but unabsorbed poisons

• Low doses used in cough preparations

• Mild emetic response stimulates the flow of respiratory tract secretions

POTASSIUM IODIDE USP

Expectorants and Emetics

Kalium Jodatum

as an expectorant is employed in the treatment of asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and sinusitis

Used as antifungal agent and by taking advantage of its expectorant actions, as an antitussive agent

valuable in the treatment of goiter and to avoid the latter.

AMMONIUM CHLORIDE USP

Expectorants and Emetics

Sal Ammoniac, Salmiac, Ammonium Muriate

Increases the secretions, especially the saliva, mucous, and sweat

Sal Ammoniac - used largely in solution and electrolyte for voltaic batteries

It is categorized as a systemicacidifier and chloride replenisher.

Antidotes

SODIUM NITRITE USP

Antidotes

Natrium, Nitrosum

It is officially categorized as an antidote to cyanide poisoning given in the form of a 2% solution administered IV

SODIUM THIOSULFATE USP

Antidotes

Antichlor Hypo, incorrectly called Sodium Hyposulfate

antidote for cyanide poisoning or iodine poisoning

Fixer in photographic films because of its solubilizing action on silver halides

Antichlor in bleaching paper pulps

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL USP

Antidotes

Carbon Ligni

general-purpose antidote

CUPRIC SULFATE USP

Antidotes

Blue Vitriol, Blue Stone, Copper Sulfate, Caparrosa Azul, Piedra Lipis

an antidote for phosphorus poisoning; emetic and astringent

CALCIUM SULFATE NF

Tableting Aids

Gypsum, Alabaster, Satin Spar, Light Spar

anhydrous form is marketed as Drierite

a rechargeable laboratory and industrial desiccant

anhydrous and dehydrate forms are used extensively as tablet diluent

Plaster of Paris - supportive casts and dental impression

COLLOIDAL SILICON DIOXIDE NF

Tableting Aids

It is used as a tablet diluent, as well as a suspending and thickening agent.

Lubricants

• Reduces the friction during tablet ejection between the walls of the tablets and walls of the die cavity making it possible to eject the tablet cleanly while leaving no residue behind in the mold

• Insoluble soaps

BENTONITE NF

Al2O3 4SiO2 H2O

Suspending Agents

Soap Clay, Mineral Soap, Wilkinite

suspending agent; used as a stabilizer in many industrial emulsions

Exerts detergent effects - used in soaps and cleansers

Clarifying agent with marked adsorptive powers for dyes and other coloring matters.