Exam 1 Lec 3 Plasma Proteins and Dysproteinemia

Hundreds of proteins, with many structures and functions.

What are plasma proteins comprised of?

Liver (most plasma proteins)
Lympohoid organs (immunoglobulins)

Where are plasma proteins synthesized?

Water, albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
Total blood - RBCs

What is Plasma made of?

Plasma - serum
water, albumin, globulins

What is Serum made of?

Transport (nutrients, small hormones, waste, drugs), colloid osmotic effects, acid-base, regulatory (cell production, inflammation), immune defense, hemostasis

What is the function of plasma proteins?

4-6 g/dL

how much total plasma concentration do neonates have?

6-8 g/dL

how much total plasma concentration do adults have?

Physical (refractometric)
Biochemical (spectrophotometric)
Fractionation (electrophoresis)

What are the three ways to measure protein?

PCV or Hct

Packed cell volume

Leukocytes and platelets

what makes up the buffy coat?

free hemoglobin

hemolysis means

chylomicrons/VLDL

lipemia of plasma appearance means

Specific gravity (urine) and total plasma proteins (plasma/serum)

A refractometer is used to quickly screen urine or plasma/serum for:

1. Hemolysis in the sample
2. Lipemia (interferes with light transmission)
3. marked increases in nonprotein solids (like glucose in diabetics or urea nitrogen in kidney disease)

What are three ways your plasma protein concentration can be erroneously increased? (with refractometer)

no

Is hemoglobin a plasma protein?

separately using 2 different spectrophotometric assays

Total protein and albumin concentrations in serum (or plasma) are measured

subtracting albumin concentration from total protein concentration
[total protein] - [albumin]

Total globulin concentration is calculated:

Various alpha-, beta-, and y- globulin bands.
stain proteins for protein, carbs, and lipids

What categories are serum/plasma proteins separated into by protein electrophoresis?

for it to migrate the farthest

In a serum protein electrophoresis what do you expect from albumin?

Ponceau S stain

What kind of stain is used here?

Protein stain on a serum protein electrophoresis

What is 3?

Carbohydrate stain on a serum protein electrophoresis

What is 2?

Lipid stain on a serum protein electrophoresis

What is 1?

edema and low total Ca+ in blood

hypoalbuminemia can result in

APP - respond to inflammation

What are acute phase proteins?

Serum Amyloid A (SAA)

Which positive APP doe all common domestic mammals have/

c-reactive protein

Dogs and humans have what positive APP?

Haptoglobin

What positive APP do cow, sheep, goat, and pig have?

Fibrinogen

This is classified as a coagulation factor. It is optimal platelet aggregation. Is considered a moderate APP that increases inflammation.

Active inflammation (cattle, goats, and horses).
Dehydration (all plasma proteins increase)

Fibrinogen will increase with:

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

DIC stands for

DIC
Liver failure
Some snake venoms

Fibrinogen will decrease with:

Ceruloplasmin

This transports copper. has ferroxidase activity that facilitates iron mobilization from tissue stores. Is also a plasma antioxidant and alpha2-protein.

Transferrin

This is an iron-binding metalloprotein. Correlated with total iron binding capacity (TIBC). Transports iron throughout the body. Is a negative acute-phase protein.

Ferritin

This correlated with total body iron stores. It is also an iron-containing protein, primarily found inside cells. It is found in low concentrations in the blood. High values could reflect inflammation.

Hormone Binding Proteins

Bind small molecular weight hormones, preventing them from being rapidly filtered by the kidney:

1. corticosteroid-binding
2. Thyroxine-binding globulin
3. sex hormone-binding globulin

List three Hormone binding proteins

Antithrombin

This protease inhibitor inhibits thrombin and certain other coagulation factors. Required GAGs (e.g. heparin) for optimal activity.

Albumin and transferrin

What are two negative acute-phase proteins?

Dehydration or hyperglobulinemia

If you have hyperproteinemia what disorder would you expect?

Dilution (overhyration), decreased production, increased loss, sequestration in body cavities.

If you have hypoproteinemia what disorders would you expect?

Increased vascular permeability (edema) and increased tissue catabolism

If you have increased loss of some proteins (especially albumin) what should you expect?

Positive acute-phase proteins and immunoglobulins

If you have increased synthesis of some proteins due to altered cytokines, what might you expect?

Negative actue phase proteins (albumin and transferrin)

If you have decreased synthesis of other proteins due to altered cytokines, what might you expect?

you have dehydration and causes relative hyperproteinemia and erythrocytosis

When only the fluid component of blood is lost:

panhypoproteinemia

When AG (albummin and globulin) is normal but is expected to be abnormal?

External hemorrhage

This is when fluid is replaced more rapidly than protein and cells. This will cause hypoproteinemia and anemia.

Hypoalbuminemia

This can occur with excessive fluid therapy, decreased synthesis, or loss from body (protein losing glomerulopathy).

hyperalbuminemia

This can occur with dehydration, artifacts, and in dogs that have hepatocellular carcinoma that produces albumin

Hemorrhage, protein-losing enteropathy, failur of passive transfer, overhydration, decreased production of immunoglobulins

When would you expect hypoglobulinemia?

Blunt broad peak, Ig from many lympoid clones.

in serum protein electrophoresis. if you have hyperglobulinemia and its polyclonal-

Narrow sharp peak. Ig (or Bence Jones protein) from a single lympoid clone.

In serum protein electrophoresis. If you have hyperglobulinemia and it is monoclonal-

Neoplasia (multiple myeloma, mymphoma/leukemia)
Rarely non-neoplastic
Rarely biclonal

What disorders are monoclonal?

Antigenic stimulation- infections, immune-mediated, immune response to neoplasia

What disorders are polyclonal?

Bence Jones Proteins

What are Ig light chains referred to as:

Polyclonal

What is going on here?

Monoclonal

What is going on here?

Synthesis of lipoproteins occurs in GI and liver.
Transport of water insoluble lipids in blood.

Where are lipoproteins made and what is their function?

apolipoproteins

High MW water-miscible complexes of lipids and proteins called:

Chylomicrons

These are very large lipoproteins of low density that remain at the origin when electrophoresis is performed

In the mucosal cells of the duodenum and jejunum following digestion of fat in diet.

Where do chylomicrons form?

White cloudy plasma becasue of chylomicronemia after eating a meal containing fat.

Define postprandial lipemia

Very Low Density Lipoproteins VLDLs

These are primarily synthesized by the liver, transport the bulk of the endogenous triglycerides.

Low density lipoproteins LDL

These arise as metabolic products from VLDLs. They are the major mechanism by which cholesterol is transported to peripheral tissues.

High density lipoproteins HDL

These are the most dense lipoproteins. Their precursors are formed in the liver and complete molecules are formed in the plasma by addition of remnants from other lipoproteins. They transport cholesterol from tissues back to the liver.

Caused by hypertriglyceridemia but NOT hypercholesterolemia. Increased chylomicrons and/or VLDL

If you have lipemia in plasma or serum (cloudy/milky):