exam 1 microbiology 107 hcc

Define Microbiology

The study of microscopic organisms

define microorganism/microbe

any organism too small to be seen with the unaided eye, bacterium , protozoan, fungi and algea

compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

prokaryotic: no nucleus/ nucloid

don not have membrane bound organelles

smaller

eukaryotic: nucleus

larger

membrane bound compartment called organelles.

same : both have plasma membrane

have dna and rna , potiens and ribosomes

components of a virsus

capsid ,

dna core,

envelope

bacterial colonies

Individual bacteria living in a group to help each other and often covered with slime to unify them. Though they can survive on their own they improve their chance of survival by being in this group.

bacterial cells

have a cell wall and cell membrane, do not have a nucleus, genetic material is in the cytoplasm, contain ribosomes and no other organelles, and are much smaller then plant and animal cells

Robert Hooke

first to observe "small chambers" in cork and call them cells.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

first microbiologist

invented the microscope

Louis Pasture (1822-1885)

disproved Abiogenesis

biogenesis

fermentation, pasteurization,

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Italian priest, physiologist, natural scientist who made important contributions to the experimental study of bodily functions and animal reproduction. His investigations into the development of microscopic life in nutrient culture solutions paved the way for the research of Louis Pasteur.

Fransesco Redi

Gave evidence that living things only come from other living things

Experiment of the meat and maggots

Identify three domains in classification schemes, and indicate their characteristics, constituent organisms, and evolutionary relationships.

1. bacteria- unicellular,some pathogenic, contain peptidoglyan

2. archea-lack peptigogylan , very seldom live in humans, extreme weather

3. eukarya- multicellular and unicellular, animals plants, fungi and protozoan.

Relate the "cell theory," including its developers and meaning.

cells are the basic unit of life

all living things are made up of cells

all cells come from pre-existing cells

Matthias schlediann

Theodore schwann

Rudolph virchow

Recognize the differences between a genus and a species.

genus and species make up binomial nomenclature, genius is first then species

Understand with the classification scheme used in taxonomy.

science of classification of a different organism

Phylogenetics

the study of evolutionary relationships among species

Chemical requirements for growth

water,carbon,oxygen, hydroen

Physical requirements for growth

temperature, pH, osmotic pressure

Know the phases of microbial growth curve.

log phases,

lag phases,

stationary phase,

death phases

Identify the subatomic particles that compose an atom, and describe their position, charge, and weight.

protons 1 amu - 1.67 X10-27

electrons 1 amu- 1.67 X10-27

nuetrons- not determined

Identify the 6 elements (by name and/or symbol) that compose 98% of the weight of living things.

carbon

hydrogen,

nitrogen,

oxygen,

sulfur,

phosphorus,

the number of electrons, when the atom is neutral

the same as the number of protons

the electron configuration, and whether the atom is reactive or not.

reactive when she shells arent filled

Describe, compare, and contrast ionic and covalent bonding.

ionic is transferred

convalent is shared

In a particular oxidation/reduction reaction, indicate which atom or molecule has been oxidized and which has been reduced.

oxidation is the loss of electrons or hydrogen atoms

reduction is the gain of electrons or hydrogen atoms

Describe the polar covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds of the water molecule.

covalent bonds are either polar or nonpolar , this is determined if the binds are shared equally like in methane

polar are uneven like in water

Hydrogen bonds are

weak bonds where the hydrogen of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom of another molecule.

Correlate the appropriate chemical properties of water to the physical properties of water.

is the universal solvent- most substance dissolve in water

is cohesive and adhesive- water is attracted to itself

resists changes in temperature- takes a large amount of energy to change the temperature

resists the change of state to a gas- takes a large amount of energy to convert liquid into a vapor (evaporate)

becomes less dense when it freezes- ice floats

Describe the pH scale in terms of H+ and -OH ion concentrations, and classify substances as acids, bases, or neutral on the pH scale.

7 neutral

0-6 acids, 0 being the stronger ones

8-14 basic ,14 being the stronger ones

Describe the function of buffers and their importance to living things.

buffers help neutralize ph by dissociation

absorbs excess h+ or oh-