GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 Reviewer 1st quarterly exam

CELL

basic building block of all living things

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

ORGANELLES

Structures specialized that perform certain task within the cell.

PARTS OF THE CELL

Cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplasts, chromatin, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, flagella, golgi complex/apparatus, lysosome, mitochondria, nucleolus, nucleus, ribosomes, vacuole

FLAGELLUM

(TAIL LIKE)A long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move.

CILIA

(HEAD LIKE) Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

CELL STRUCTURES

CELL MEMBRANE

Control passage of organic moleculess, ions, water, oxygen and wastes into and out of the cell.

CYTOPLASM

-provides structure to cell

-medium in which organelles are found

NUCLEOLUS

-location of DNA

-cell organelle that houses DNA

RIBOSOMES

Protein synthesis

MITOCHONDRIA

-ATP production or cellular respiration

-power house of a cell

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

LYSOSOMES

-Digestion of macromolecules(worn-out cell)

-cell digestion

CELL WALL

Protection, structural support, and maintenance of cell shape

CYTOSKELETON

Maintains cell's shape

CENTROSOME

Unspecified role in cell division in animal cells

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids

GOLGI APPARATUS

packages and distributes lipids and proteins

PEROXISOMES

Oxidizes and breaks down fatty acids and amino acids and detoxifies poisons

VESICLES AND VACUOLES

Storage and transport

- digestive function in plant cells

CHLOROPLAST

-Photosynthesis

(CHLOROPHYLL-"GREEN PIGMENTS"

CELL THEORY

ROBERT HOOKE

1665

-observe the remains of dead plant cell

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

1676

-Tiny living organism which he named animalcules under his microscope

MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN

1838

-All plant parts are made of cell

THEODOR SCHWANN

1839

-Stated that all animals are made of cells.

RUDOLF VIRCHOW

1858

-All cell come froem pre-existing cells

CLASSIFICATION OF CELL

PROKARYOTIC CELL

Pro - "before" Karyon - "nut or kernel" (nucleus)

-NUCLEOID

-No membrane bound organelles

EUKARYOTIC CELL

Eu - "true" Karyon - "nut or kernel" (nucleus)

cell that has a NUCLEOUS

DNA

all organelles are membrane-bound

TYPES CELL CYCLE

MITOSIS

MEIOSIS

MITOSIS

cell growth and replacement

-single parent cell divides to make two new daughter cell

MEIOSIS

for reproduction

-Single cell divide TWICE to produce four cell

DIPLOID CELL

46 Chromosomes

HAPLOID CELL

23 Chromosomes

MITOSIS

Stages:

1. Prophase

2. Metaphase

3. Anaphase

4. Telophase

MEIOSIS

Stages:

1. Prophase I & II

2. Metaphase I & II

3. Anaphase I & II

4. Telophase I & II

PMAT 2x

HISTONES

Type of protein which help package the long dna

CELL CYCLE

stages through which a cell passes from one cell division to the next.

M - PHASE (MITOTIC)

Time when cell is dividing

INTERPHASE

Time when cell is not dividing

G1 Phase(Growth 1/Gap 1)

10 hours

46 Chromatids(end of this phase)

-Duplication of Cellular Contents (Organelles)

S Phase(Synthesis)

9 - 12 Hours

-Duplication of DNA

92 Chromatids

G2 Phase(Growth 2/Gap

4 - 6 hours

-Cell grows and prepares

Check for errors

G1 Checkpoint(End of G1 Phase)

-enough nutrients

-growth factor is present

-size is adequate

-no DNA damages

G2 Checkpoint(End of G2 Phase)

-check if Cell replication is complete

no DNA damages

M Phase(Mitotic Phase)

-Happens for about 1 hour

-PMAT

Cytokinesis

CANCER

involves cells that are dividing out of control, which leads to the development of tumor.

COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE CELL MEMBRANE

1.Phospholipids

2.Proteins

3.Glycoproteins

4.Glycolipids

Cholesterol

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

POLAR HEAD (HYDROPHILIC)NONPOLAR TAIL (HYDROPHOBIC)

AMPHIPHATIC

once a material consist of hydrophilic and hydrophobic

Proteins

Transmembrane protein - spans across the membrane

Integral protein - embodied within the membrane

Glycoproteins

sugar chain attached to a protein

Glycolipids

sugar chain attached to a phospholipid

cell signaling and cell interaction

Cholesterol

acts as a buffer, it maintains the fluidity of the membrane

Aquaporins

special proteins that can easily transport water into and out of the cell.

Cell structure

responsible for directing the traffic of materials in and out of the cell is the cell membrane

2 ways of Cell Transport

Passive Transport

does not require energy

3 Types of Concentration in a cell:

1.Hypertonic

2. Hypotonic

3.Isotonic

Active Transport

does require energy

involves the expenditure of energy by the cell

EXOCYTOSIS

export

ENDOCYTOSIS

import

PHAGOCYTOSIS

Cell eating

cell takes food particles

PINOCYTOSIS

cell drinking

cell absorbs small particles outside and brings them inside

RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS

use to capture specific target molecule

STRUCTURES & FUNCTIONS OF BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES

ENZYMES

vital for life and serve a wide range of important functions in the body, such as aiding in fighting germs, digestion, and metabolism

ENZYME COMPONENTS

Apoenzyme

is an inactive enzyme

Cofactor

mostly metal ions or small organic molecules (activator)

ORGANIC

NAD (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

NADH

FADH(flavin adenine dinucleotide)

VITAMINS

INORGANIC

magnesium ion

calcium ions

Holoenzyme

are the active forms of apoenzymes.

Coenzyme

are non-protein organic molecules

TERMINOLOGIES

Catalyst

a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being changed

Enzyme

a biological catalyst

Substrate

the reactant molecule that an enzyme works on

Active Site

the part of the enzyme where the substrate binds

Enzyme-substrate complex

formed when the substrate molecule collides with the active site of its enzyme

Endoenzymes(intracellular)

Exoenzymes (extracellular)

Activation Energy

the minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction

Transition state

the intermediate stage in a reaction in which the old bonds break and new bonds are formed

OXIDATION/ REDUCTION REACTIONS

Oxidation-Reduction (REDOX)

involves a transfer of electrons between two species

Parts of REDOX Reaction

1.Reduced half

2.Oxidized half

OXIDATION

addition of oxygen

removal of hydrogen

REDUCTION

removal of oxygen

addition of hydrogen

Oxidizing agent

a reagent that increases the oxidation number of an element of a given substance

Reducing agent

a reagent that lowers the oxidation number of a given element

FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY

TEMPERATURE

Raising temperature generally speeds up a reaction, and lowering temperature slows down a reaction

pH

Each enzyme has an optimum pH range

Changing the pH outside of this range will slow enzyme activity

SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION

Increasing substrate concentration also increases the rate of reaction to a certain point

ENZYME CONCENTRATION

Increasing enzyme concentration will speed up the reaction, as long as there is substrate available to bind to

ENZYME INHIBITORS

COMPETITIVE INHIBITORS