Biology - Q1 Exam

Biology

The study of living things

Science

an organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world

Hypothesis

possible explanation for a set of observations or a possible answer to a scientific question. "an educated guess"

Test the hypothesis with a ______ experiment where only ONE variable is changed at a time - all others should be unchanged

controlled

control

unchanged variable or group

Independent variable

factor in a controlled experiment that is deliberately changed.

dependent variable

observed and changes in response to the independent variable

Record and analyze results using charts and graphs makes it ________ to look at information.

easier

observation

process of noticing & describing events or processes in a careful, orderly way.

data

information gathered from observations

Quantitative

measurements involving numbers

Qualitative

characteristics

Draw conclusion from _________________.

test results

If the data agrees with the hypothesis, then the hypothesis is __________.

supported

If the data does not agree with the hypothesis, then the hypothesis is __________________.

disproven

Hypothesis can NEVER be proven. Why?

Because new information or testing techniques can be developed in the future

Experiments must be ________ to determine the validity of results.

repeated

The more _____________ an experiment has, the more valuable the data and conclusions are.

reptations

Eliminaiting ___________________ is one way an experiment can be imrpoved.

sources of error

What are the two types of error?

Human error and Systematic error

Human error

failing to identify and control all variables except the experimental error, reading measurements incorrectly, or skipping a step in the procedure

Systematic error

failing to calibrate a tool or machine correctly

All living things are composed of units called _____ that have barriers to separate them from one another and the surrounds.

cells

unicellular

composed of one cell

multicellular

composed of many cells

All living things produce new organisms by ______________.

reproduction

Sexual

two cells from different "parents" unite to produce the first cell of the new organism

Asexual

involves a single "parent" and results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent

Organisms resemble their parents based on a _________________. Parents are made from this code.

universal genetic code

Directions for the genetic code are carried by a chemical called ____________.

DNA

DNA is passed from __________ to _________.

parent to offspring

___________ is for protein synthesis

RNA

Each type of organism has a distinct _________________.

life cycle

Growth

an increase in size

Development

process of change during which cells increase in number and differentiate to form the adult organism. Ex: flies mate ---> produce eggs ----------> larvae hatch ---> pupa develops -----> adult fly

All organisms require energy to _____________.

survive

metabolism

all chemical reactions in an organism to carry out life processes

organisms take in _________ in different ways.

materials

plants use _______ to make food using a process called photosynthesis

sunlight

some organisms get energy by __________

eating

All organisms produce __________ from the molecules they took in.

waste

Organisms react to changes in their environment by responding to ________.

stimuli

homeostasis

relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain - balances

If homeostasis is disrupted could ____________.

get sick and/or die

__________________ is the process of change in groups of organisms over a very long period of time. (does not happen overnight)

Evolution

Zoology

study of animals

Botany

study of plants

Paleontology

study of life in the past

Evolution

the process of changes that occurs in groups of organisms over a long period of time.

cells

basic (and smallest) unit of all forms of life

tissues

group of similar cells that perform a specific function

organs

group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions

organ systems

group of organs that work together to perform a special function

organism

an individual living thing

population

group of individuals of the same species

community

assemblage of different populations that live together in the same area.

ecosystem

all organisms (biotic) that live in a place together with their nonliving environment (abiotic)

biome

group of ecosystems that share similar climates and typical organisms

biosphere

all areas on Earth where organisms live

metric system

decimal system of measurement used in science (international system)

data can be complied in a _____________ to be analyzed

table/graph

microscopes

produces magnified images of objects too small to be seen with the unaided eye.

compound light microscopes

uses light and lenses to form an image

compound light microscopes were invented by ____________ in the late 17th century. (that means 1600's)

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

electron microscope

focuses beams of electrons on specimens and can magnify them much more than light microscopes

electron microscope is extremely __________.

expensive

electron microscope cannot be used on _________________

living specimens

Organic Chemistry

the study of carbon compounds

Carbon atoms have ______________.

4 valence electrons

Carbon atoms easily join with other atoms to form _____________.

covalent bonds

Carbon atoms join to form ___________ that contain single, double, or triple covalent bonds.

chains

Macromolecules

large molecules formed by a process called polymerization

Small units called monomers join to form larger molecules called _____________.

polymer

Macromolecules are polymers containing __________ of monomers.

thousands

Carbohydrates

compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. (usually in a 1:2:1 arrangement)

Monosaccharides

simple sugars: glucose, galactose (milk sugar) & fructose (fruit sugar)

Polysaccharides

large molecules made from monosaccharides

Glycogen

how animals store glucose (C24H48O21)

Starch

How plants store glucose (C6H10O5)

Cellulose

found in plant cell walls for support (C6H10O5)

Lipids

includes fats, waxes, and oils

Lipids contain mostly ____________ some (O2)

C & H

Lipids are part of ________________ and waterproof.

cell membranes

Lipids are also used to store _____________.

energy

Monomers composed of ____________________.

Glycerol and fatty acids

Unsaturated fats

(from plant source) contain at least 1 C=C (double bond); liquid at room temp

Polyunsaturated fats

contain more than one double bond

Nucleic acids

contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, & a phosphate group

Nucleic acids are composed of monomers called ___________.

nucleotides

Ribonucleic acid

important in protein synthesis

deoxyribonucleic acid

important in relation to genetics (heredity); stores information for cell activity

Proteins

contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and is made of amino acids

An ____________ contains an amino group (NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (COOH) on the other end, held together with peptide bonds.

amino acid

More than _________ different amino acids exist naturally.

20

Proteins differ from each other in their _________ or abundance of amino acids.

make up

Proteins are used to _______________.

build and repair tissue

Chemical reactions involve breaking chemical bonds & forming _____________.

new bonds

Energy changes occur during ___________________.

chemical reactions

Some reactions absorb __________.

energy

_______________________ is needed to get some reactions started. Ex: strike a match

Activation energy