Practice LEQ Prompts

Analyze how Renaissance humanism influenced political and social development in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries…

• Patronage

  • writers and artists in cities, groups, etc, recieved support to PRODUCE specific works by the wealthy

  • Economic growth + popularity throughout Europe

• Communes

  • Self-governing towns led by merchant guilds.

• Signori + Popolo

  • Signori: One man rules; hands power to first son

  • Popolo: Common people w/out political power

• Courts

  • Wealthy households/palaces w/ signori to manage business + support patronage

• Influenced exile of Medici Dynasty

  • Florence & Naples w/ wealth from patronage and humanistic ideas expeled Medici in 1494

  • Savonarola becomes leader, but had very strict morals, angering citizens who tortured, excommunicated, then killed him

• Francesco Petratch HUGE!!!

  • Believed recovering text from Greece and Rome would restore a new golden age. He taught people the works of Roman authors (humanism)

• Increase in Virtu

  • People could do what they wanted

  • Helped peopel analyze how others (like Leon Alberti) became brillant and powerful to create churches and palaces.

• Increase in education

  • New schools & buildings for people to learn about humanism

• Nicholas Machiavelli HUGE!!!

  • The Prince - Argued that an elected official can use ANY and ALL power to look scary and enforce its citizens to avoid overthrow or outbreak

  • This exhibits Virtu!

• Christian Humanists

  • People who flocked from the low countries to absorb humanistic information

  • Wanted to combine classical info w/ Christian cultures.

• Desiderius Eramus

  • Translated New Testament into Latin to reflect Renaissance Education

  • Christan Humanist

• PAINTING

  • Pope’s (like Pope Julius II) recruited painters (e.g., Michaelangelo & Raphael) to paint st. Peter Basilica

  • Giotto’s Piero della Francesca

    • Spread the notion of Christ w/ a realistic body. Used linear perspectives to display a realistic, simplified image.

Compare and contrast the primary motivations for religious reform of Elizabeth I, John Calvin, and Ignatius Loyola…

• Context

  • Erasmus’s Praise of Folly

    • POV of a narrowminded and follish character who described the Church as corrupt and failing. Wanted Christian morality w/out corruption.

  • People hated Roman Catholic Church

    • Placed papal taxes, some argued doctrines were wrong, it was controled by a single family (Medici)

  • Clerical Immorality, ignorance, and pluralism (held more than one office)

    • Many priests would rarely visit their offices or uphold their responsibilities. Instead, a poor priest was usually hired

    • Many Italian officials held benefits in England, Spain, and Germany. The money from there would pay their salaries

  • Martin Luther

    • People influenced by his separation. He joined Augustinian Friars to preach to the poor. Believed in scripture alone

    • Avoided indulgences (ex: Saint Peter’s indulgence which gave forgiveness for one’s sins or release someone from purgatory)

    • On Christian Liberty

      • Talked about emphasis on faith and salvation. You couldn’t change the outcome based on how good your sacrements were.

  • Ulrich Zwingli

    • Scriptures contained pure words of God

    • Attacked indulgences, the mass, clerical celibacy

  • Salvation from FAITH ALONE!

  • Great Peasant War of 1525

    • They were imposed of new rents or additional services from the noblemen. Rebellion broke and Luther STOPPED siding with them cuz freedom meant independence from Roman Church, not opposition to the secular law.

      • Luther argued this in Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of the Peasants

• Elizabeth I

  • Heavily protestant; required officials to swear she was supreme in religion and politics (risked fines if they didn’t)

  • Supported Anglican Church

  • Needed Protestantism to succeed

    • England was threatened by Philip II of Spain who wanted to re-establish Catholicism

      • Tried marrying Mary Tudor to achieve this (she died)

      • Sent Spanish Armada 1588

  • Act of Supremacy (1559)

    • Monarch was supreme governor of the Anglican Church

  • Act of Uniformity

    • Required use of The Book of Common Prayer by Thomas Cranmer.

      • Reinforced Anglican prayers, ways of worship

• John Calvin

  • Council of Trent

    • Equal validity to Scriptures and to tradition

    • Reaffirmed seven sacraments and Catholic teaching on Eucharist (wine & break were the body of Christ)

    • Fixed corruptoin in priests and clergymen (like Pluralism, absenteeism)

  • Concordat of Bologna

    • Warfare between Calvinists and Catholics in France

    • Calvinists destroyed image, statues, etc, since they detracted from God. (think of the image that shows a catholic church to a calvinist one)

  • Saint Batholomew’s Day 1572

    • Margaret of Valois & Henry of Navarre

      • When Huguenots showed up, conflict broke out

  • Edict of Nantes (1598)

    • Liberty and recognition to Calvinists

  • Philip II in Netherlands

    • Raised taxes in 1560s. Calvinists rebelled since it was harder to now work hard intellectucally and physically.

      • Destroyed churches in Antwerp.

    • Led to Peace of Utrecht

  • Predestination

• Ignatius Loyola

  • Similar to Carmelite nun Teresa of Avila

    • Traveled to reform Caremelite order (make it more strict of defining poverty)

  • Society of Jesuits

    • Spread Roman Catholic Faith

    • Improve people’s spiritual condition instead of altering texts

    • Obedience to the pope which attracted young men

  • Spiritual Exercises

    • Set out training program for meditatoin with God (wrote while in a year of isolation with God).

Evaluate the extent to which European exploration and conquest between 1450 and 1700 transformed global trade and social systems…

• Context

  • Technology Advancements

    • Astrolabe, Compass, Caravel (ship)

  • Gold, Glory, God (the want to push new ideas)

    • Society of Jesus; Carmelite Nuns

  • Marco Polo

    • Visited China, preached about their advancements (wealth), and resources in Hangzhou

  • Prince Henry the Navigator

    • Helped Portugal conquest of Ceuta (Arab City in Morocco)

    • Claimed islands off of African Coast

    • Commerical settlements in North Africa (Arguin)

      • Sugar plantations

  • Bartolomeu Dias

    • Rounded Cape of Good Hope, opening up the sea route to India

  • Vasgo da Gama

    • Sailed to India in 1498 after reaching port of Calicut, opening up tons of trade

    • Brought back spices to Lisbon

• Magellan

  • First circumnavigation to prove that global sea links together

• New World

  • Spain

    • Colombus gets sent via Ferdinand and Isabella and reaches New World

    • Completely transforms the economy w/ caribbean and impacted the need for more people to go (spread Christianity to natives)

    • Treaty of Tordesillas signed

      • Imaginary line to separate Spanish and Portuguese Control

    • Hernan Cortes

      • Aztec Empire (captured and seized tons of gold from Tenochititlan and Motezuma II)

      • Built Cathedrals and forced new religion

    • Francisco Pizarro

      • Relied on smallpox to kill Incas (for most part), then during the transfer of power, sent 40k troops to take Cuzco (capital).

    • Silver Mine (Potosi)

      • 60% of all the silver mined in the world

      • Attracted millions of indigenous laborers for the Spanish Empire, only increasing slave trade

      • HEAVILY influenced economy

        • Middle + high class benefitted tremendously while poor people suffered cuz of high prices (inflation due to how much silver)

  • England Contributions

    • John Cabot

      • King Henry VII sent to find Indies, but he failed, so he was sent back. However, hearing the wealth in Mexico & Peru, Henry VII sent out another expeditoin (failed again!)

  • Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

  • The Dutch

    • Formed Dutch East India Company (1602)

      • Focused on Asian spices from Portuguese

      • Attacked them, taking the Fort of Malacca in 1641, gainig access to Achipelago with the help of Indonesians.

    • Destroyed hundreds of Spanish ships to take their silver fleet and capture parts of Caribbean + Brazil in 1628

• Social Contexts

  • Christianisty was spread through the Spanish encomienda system.

  • Jesuits flocked to Japan, China, New World to preach their teachings

  • 2,500 priests and friars aided Colombus on his sceond voyage

  • Europeans destroyed symbolic and religious items of natives to reinforce their beliefs and convert to Catholicism, even sometimes learning their language.

  • Was Conversion Okay?

    • Speulveda said yes. The indigenous people were subjected to cannibolism, human sacrafice, etc without Catholicism. They were barbaric

    • Bartholomeu de Las Casas said no. Indigenous people were like children who deserved protection from the advanced civilization (Europeans)

    • Both agreed Indigenous were inferior to Europeans.

To what extent were Enlightenment ideas influential in the policies and practices of absolute monarchs in 18th-century Europe, and how was that a departure from 17th-century rulers?

• Context

  • Scientific Revolution

    • Many individuals started to share their own secular ideas, separate of the Catholic Church

    • Copernicus

      • Believed in a heliocentric model, where the Sun is at the center of the Universe (Copernican Hypothesis)

      • Wrote On the Revolutoins of the Heavenly Spheres (reiterated this)

    • Tycho Brahe

      • Created a complex observatory to track the stars and planets. All planets besides Earth revolved around the sun.

    • Kepler

      • Created Kepler’s Laws about planets revolving a circle to prove that they are in elliptical patterns. He catalogued 1000 stars + planets in Rudolphine Tables

    • Galileo Galili

      • Telescope to disprove crystalline planets (Aristotle’s idea!)

      • Used experiements to prove that gravity had uniform acceleration. Law of inertia.

    • Newton

      • Principia Mathematica which talked about laws of motion and universal gravitatoin that used mathematical proofs! It didn’t just rely on what the Church told people!

• 18th-Century Absolutists

  • Frederick “the Great” of Prussia

    • Religious toleration, even after taking control of Silesia, which Maria Theresa had

    • Improved schools and allowed scholars to write about almost anything

    • Simplified Prussia’s laws, abolished torture, sped up trial-process.

    • Cameralism

      • Monarchy is best form; all elements should serve the monarch and in return, the monarch would help the public

  • Catherine the Great of Russia

    • Implemented many architects, intellectuals, Voltaire to help bring Western European culture to Russia

    • Restricted the practice of torture and allowed religious toleration

    • Improved education

    • Helped spread ideas through conquest, especially after Pugachev’s uprising (peasant uprising

    • Published Encyclopedia, which was banned in France. It contained tons of human knowledge, math, and ideas that would go against the Church

  • Joseph II (Austria)

    • Abolish serfdom, but the serfs did not accept it because they were really poor!

    • issued Edict of Toleration, allowing civil rights and freedoms toward Jews and Protestants

• 17th-Century Absolutists

  • Louis XIV

    • Modeled the divine-right; proved himself to look like a goddess and king even through paintings.

    • Versailles to control the nobility (forced them to stay there)

      • Courtiers helped him get dressed in the morning (praised position cuz you could voice your thoughts to the King directly)

    • Revoaked the Edict of Nantes to persecute Huguenotes and promote one religion (required Huguenotes to be baptized)

    • Never called the Estates General, despite economic issues

  • Charles I of England

    • Believed in divine right

    • Refused to summon Parliament despite economic issues

    • Introduced “ship-money” which taxed costal cities. Eventually extended it, making people mad (Scottish Revolt which forced him to summon Parliament)

    • Parliament FORCES reductoin of power (Triennial Acts)

      • Acts said Parliament summoned every 3 years

    • Irish Rebellion

      • Came out of their fear of Charles I.

      • To control this, Charles I raised his own army (The New Model ARmy), starting an English Civil War in 1642.

    • Civil War

      • The New Model Army defeated by Parliament’s army in Battles of Langport & Naseby.

      • Charles I refused to abdicate, then came Restoration of 1660 when Charles II rose to the throne

  • Peter the Great

    • Hoped to advance Russia to Black Sea and Baltic Sea

    • Increased service requirements of commoners, requiring them to serve in the military for life

    • Increased taxes on peasants

    • Sent 25-40k peasants to construct St. Petersburg w/out pay

    • There became a new elite class after the influ of Western European cultures. As a result, increase in serfs and bigger class gap.