APUSH period 5

Manifest Destiny (1845)

US thought like hey we have the duty to expand across the country

Annexation of Texas

Texas decides to secede from Mexico and attempts to declare its independence which eventually leads to our adoption of the land as a state although it was feared that it would cause conflict with mexico leading to war. Southern states in support of this as Texas brought slaves with it meaning it would increase agricultural profits

Oregon Territory

territory of Oregon, Washington, and portions of what became British Columbia, Canada; land claimed by both U.S. and Britain and held jointly under the Convention of 1818

"Fifty-Four Forty or Fight"

slogan used in the 1844 presidential election as a call for us annexation of the oregon territory

overland trails

The wagon train trails that led from Missouri or Iowa to the west coast. They traveled only 15 miles per day and followed the river valleys through the Great Plains. Months later, the wagon trains would finally reach the foothills of the Rockies or face the hardships of the southwestern deserts. The final challenge was to reach the mountain passes before the first heavy snows. Disease was even a greater threat than Indian attack. (p. 237)

gold rush

a period from 1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.

farming frontier

In the 1830s and 1840s pioneer families moved west to start homesteads and begin farming. Government programs allowed settlers to purchase inexpensive parcels of land. (p. 237)

homesteads

a plot of land where pioneers could build a home, farm, or ranch

mexican american war

1846 - 1848 - President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and CA in exchange for $15 million

mexican cession

1848. Awarded as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles.

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico (did not pass)

Treaty of Kanagawa

1854 treaty between Japan and the US. Japan agreed to open two ports to American ships

Ostend Manifesto (1854)

Secret negotiation attempting to acquire Cuba as a slave state from Spain

gadsen purchase (1853)

Pierce added a strip of land to the American Southwest for 10 million; South New Mexico and Arizona

Free Soil Party (1848)

Formed in 1847-1848, this political party was dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory. Its candidate in the 1848 election was former President Martin Van Buren.

* Most members eventually become Republicans.

compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

fugitive slave law

Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.

Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad

Set up a network of white and African American abolitionists who helped slave escape to freedom in the North or Canada. She was the most famous and successful conductor.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

written by harriet beecher stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

Proposed by Senator Douglas (Illinois) and advocated popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories (vote by people of territory whether they would be slave or free state). Douglas wanted it to facilitate the building of the transcontinental railroad on a central route through Illinois, thus benefitting his state economically. K/A Act passed but backfired terribly as extremes of both sides of slavery debate flooded into Kansas. Votes on constitutions were plagued with fraud and "Bleeding Kansas" begins as violence erupts between pro/anti-slavery groups.

Know-Nothing Party

Political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant

Birth of the Republican Party

A coalition of the Free Soil Party, the Know-Nothing Party and renegade Whigs merged in 1854 to form the Republican Party, a liberal, anti-slavery party. The party's Presidential candidate, John C. Fremont, captured one-third of the popular vote in the 1856 election.

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

canning of senator sumner

* 1856 Senator attacked Democrats
* Included personal charges towards Butler
* Butler's nephew Brooks beat him with a cane and said derogatory remakrs
* His actions enraged the North yet pleased the South
* Was another sign of growing positions on both sides

Lecompton Constitution

supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens

House Divided Speech

made by Abraham Lincoln before he was elected stating that the United States will either be all slave or all free because it can't be half and half and still succeed.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

freeport doctrine

Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so

John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry

John Brown's failed scheme to invade the South w/ armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, N. abolitionists; seized the fed. arsenal; Brown & remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged; South feared danger if it stayed in Union

election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

fort sumner

Confederate attacked the Union their fort in South Carolina. This was the first actual battle & marked the start of the Civil War.

Border States of Civil War

state on the border between the North and South: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri

Wartime Advantages

South:

(1) defensive war rather than conquer

(2) move troops and supplies shorter distances

(3) experienced military leaders and high troop morale

(4) difficult to blockade with long indented coastline

(5) high overseas demand of cotton for recognition and financial aid

(6) more motivation

North:

(1) large population and immigrants

(2) Loyal Navy

(3) economy that controlled most of banking and capital of country

(4) skills of clerks and bookkeepers

(5) strong central government and strong popular base

Confederate States of America

Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia

anaconda plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

vicksburg

Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union.

gettysburg

(AL) 1863 (meade and lee), July 1-3, 1863, turning point in war, Union victory, most deadly battle

shermans march

(1864-1865) Union General William Tecmseh Sherman's destructive March through Georgia. An early instance of "Total war", puposely targeting infrastucture and civialian property to diminish moral and undercut the confederate war effort.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Gettysburg Address

A 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg

copperheads

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War

Ex Parte Milligan

1866 - Supreme Court ruled that military trials of civilians were illegal unless the civil courts are inoperative or the region is under marshall law.

greenbacks

Name for Union paper money not backed by gold or silver. Value would fluctuate depending on status of the war (plural)

convention of 1818

Britain and the United States agreed to the 49th parallel as the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory between Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains. The two nations also agreed to joint occupation of the Oregon country for ten years.

Montgomery: Constitution

-In free states, the Constitution is paramount to the states or laws enacted by the Legislature, limiting and controlling its power; and in the United States the Legislature is created and its powers designated by the Constitution

homestead act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

the new york city draft riots

July 1863 just after the Battle at Gettysburg. Mobs of Irish working-class men and women roamed the streets for four days until federal troops suppressed them. They loathed the idea of being drafted to fight a war on behalf of slaves who, once freed, would compete with them for jobs.

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolition of slavery w/o compensation for slave-owners

reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (10% plan)

In 1863, President Lincoln's proclamation set up a process for political reconstruction, creating state governments in the South so that Unionists were in charge rather than secessionists. It include a full presidential pardon for most Confederates who took an oath of allegiance to the Union and the U.S. Constitution, and accepted the emancipation of slaves. It also reestablished state governments as soon as at least 10 percent of the voters in the state took the loyalty oath. In practice, the proclamation meant that each Southern state would need to rewrite its state constitution to eliminate existence of slavery. (p. 292)

Wade-Davis Bill (radical republicans)

1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

Freedman's Bureau, 1865

Set up to help freedmen and white refugees after Civil War. Provided food, clothing, medical care, and education. First to establish schools for blacks to learn to read as thousands of teachers from the north came south to help. Lasted from 1865-72. Attacked by KKK and other southerners as "carpetbaggers" Encouraged former plantation owners to rebuild their plantations, urged freed Blacks to gain employment, kept an eye on contracts between labor and management, etc

johnsons vetos

In 1866 Johnson angered Congress by refusing to sign into law legislation that increased the services and protection offered by the Freedmen's Bureau and the Civil Rights Bill to nullify Black Codes and give equal rights to African Americans

election of 1866

Johnson took to the road and used his infamous, "swing around the circle" speeches to attack Congressional opponents; appealed to racial prejudices of whites; Republicans accused Johnson of being a drunkard and a traitor and used antisouthern prejudices by employing a campaign tactic known as "waving the bloody shirt"-inflaming the hatreds of northern voters by reminding them of the hardships of war; Johnson won but Republicans owned both House and Senate

"waving the bloody shirt"

An expression used as a vote getting stratagem by the Republicans during the election of 1876 to offset charges of corruption by blaming the Civil War on the Democrats.

Fourteenth Amendment

A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians.

equal protection of the laws

Part of the Fourteenth Amendment emphasizing that the laws must provide equivalent "protection" to all people.

due process of law

denies the government the right, without due process, to deprive people of life, liberty, and property

Reconstruction Act of 1867

This Act was passed by Congress which was vetoed by President Johnson. This Act invalidated the state govn'ts formed under the Lincoln & Johnson plans and all the legal decisions made by those govn'ts.

Tenure of Office Act (1867)

Radical attempt to further diminish Andrew Johnson's authority by providing that the president could not remove any civilian official without Senate approval; Johnson violated the law by removing Edwin Stanton as secretary of war, and the House of Representatives impeached him over his actions.

Fifteenth Amendment (1870)

granted black males the right to vote and split former abolitionists and women's rights supporters, who wanted women included as well.

black codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Radical Republican Reconstruction

punish south, protect former slaves; US military occupation of South, Confederate military leaders needed pardon to hold office, protect Blacks right to vote

scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

african american legislatures

→ most who held office in reconstructed state governments were educated property holders who took moderate positions on most issues

→ Republicans in the South sent 2 African Americans (Blanche K. Bruce and Hiram Revels) to the Senate and more than a dozen African Americans to the house of representatives

→→ Revels was elected in 1870 to take the Senate seat from MI once held by Davis

→→→ seeing African Americans and former slaves in positions of power caused bitter resentment among disfranchised ex confederates

sharecropping

A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops; inflation made the system a loop

redeemers

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.

White Supremacy terrorism (reconstruction)

Reduced tensions b/t poor whites & bourbons; race unity; KKK prevented black citizens & white republicans from voting through open intimidation; Mississippi Plan

kkk

Stands for Ku Klux Klan and started right after the Civil War in 1866. The Southern establishment took charge by passing discriminatory laws known as the black codes. Gives whites almost unlimited power. They masked themselves and burned black churches, schools, and terrorized black people. They are anti-black and anti-Semitic.

election of 1876

Ended reconstruction because neither canadate had an electoral majority. Hayes was elected, and then ended reconstruction as he secretly promised

compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

Yeoman Farmers

family farmers who hired out slaves for the harvest season, self-sufficient, participated in local markets alongside slave owners

pre-civil war the south was mainly

Small Slave owners▪ 88% of slave owners; strived to be Planters▪ Usually worked in fields with slaves

House Gag Rule (1836-1844)

South doesn't want to hear slavery petitions. outlawed any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

Denmark Vesey rebellion (1822)

▪ South Carolina:► Organized conspiracy partly through African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) to free slaves and escape to Haiti▪ Aftermath:► Restricted manumission► Further restricted movement of free blacks► Free blacks required white guardians

Turner's Rebellion (1831)

The bloodiest of all slave rebellions where Nat Turner, who claims he was motivated and inspired by the words of God, rallied slaves in Southhampton County, Virginia.

Aftermath:► Prohibit literacy to slaves and free blacks► Black churches and religious meetings required licensed white minister

Scott v. Sanford (1857)

Speaking for a widely divided court, Chief Justice Taney ruled that Dred Scott was not a citizen and had no standing in court; Scott's residence in a free state and territory had not made him free since he returned to Missouri; Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in a territory (based on the 5th Amendment right of a person to be secure from seizure of property), thus voiding the Missouri Compromise of 1820.

election of 1840

William Henry Harrison (Whig) vs. Martin Van Buren (Democrat); result: Whig victory & a truly national two-party system.

Texas Revolution (1836)

(1836) Texan gov. declared independence from Mexico; American settlers proclaimed Texan independence; Sam Houston won independence (treaty rejected by Mexican legislature); Texans wanted annexation by U.S.; not done b/c opposition from northerners and anti-slavery groups; fear of sectional controversy

election of 1844

Main debate over Texas. Whigs nominate Henry Clay and democrats nominate James Polk. Polk says he will annex Texas and Oregon to make both sides happy. Polk was elected

polk

Jacksonian Democrat, slave owner, and ardent expansionist agenda▪ Independent national treasury▪ Lower tariffs▪ Oregon▪ California

"54' 40 or Fight!"▪ 49th Parallel

Mexican-American War (1848)▪ Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo▪ Mexican Cession

Wilmot Proviso (1846)

The Wilmot Proviso was a rider to a bill proposed by Pennsylvania Congressman David Wilmot in 1846 that sought to ban slavery in any territories or new states acquired from Mexico. Essentially the argument was over whether there would be slavery in Texas, New Mexico, California, and other new western states. The debate is considered a crucial part of the lead-up to the Civil War. Did not pass.

impact of the ca gold rush

▪ Displacement of Natives from lands

▪ Rapid statehood for California

election of 1852

Franklin Pierce (Democrat) vs Winfield Scott (Whig); Pierce won landslide --\> ended the whig party

gadsen purchase

strip of land in present day Arizona and New Mexico for which the United States paid Mexico $10 million in 1853.

onstend manifesto

James Polk- offered to purchase Cuba from Spain before the Mex. Am. War, they refuse to sell. President Franklin Pierce orders diplomats to secretly negotiate buying Cuba- it provoked an angry reaction from Antislavery Senators, as it was Southerners who wanted to buy Cuba to expand slavery

republican party (1854)

organized in 1854 by antislavery Whigs, Democrats, and Free Soilers in response to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act; nominated John C. Frémont for president in 1856 and Abraham Lincoln in 1860

election of 1856

Democrats nominated Buchanan, Republicans nominated Fremont, and Know-Nothings chose Fillmore. Buchanan won due to his support of popular sovereignty

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

southern states sucede

► South Carolina - Dec. 20, 1860

► Mississippi - January 9, 1861

► Florida - January 10, 1861

► Alabama - January 11, 1861

► Georgia - January 19, 1861

► Louisiana - January 26, 1861'

► Texas - February 1, 1861

► Arizona Territory - March 16, 1861

Confederate Constitution of 1861

* prohibited the emancipation of slaves
* allowed the state to secede from the union'
* allowed the state to join the confederacy

cornerstone speech

a speech delivered by Confederate Vice President, Alexander Stephens in Savannah, Georgia on March 21, 1861. It laid out the Confederate causes for the American Civil War, and defended slavery.

border states

States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.

Union's strategy

\-defend Washington and attack Richmond, Virginia

\-Maintain a naval blockade of southern ports

\-divide the Confederacy by its main water routes: the Mississippi, Tennessee, and Cumberland Rivers

robert e lee and stonewall jackson

Confederate heroes of Civil War

Battle of Shiloh

union victory opened the door for control of the mississippi