Studied by 8 peopleWhat is an AO3 question?
AO3 questions only expect you to refer to the figure provided, and will not say 'using your own knowledge' for example.
What are AO1 and AO2 questions?
AO1 and AO2 questions are questions that expect you to use your own knowledge, and they will say this in the question and you must apply it in your interpretation of the figure provided.
How do you answer a 4 mark question?
They often have the words explain and outline in the question. To answer these questions you must give reasons as to why something is the case and give brief accounts of relevant information.
How are 4 mark questions marked?
Marks are given for separate points or for a point that is well developed, as well as credit for a reference to a relevant example. Marks are not given for saying the opposite of something is true.
How do you answer AO3 6 mark questions (evaluate, analyse)?
Make sure to use PALM: Pattern, Anomaly, Link and Manipulate data. You must make clear reference to data from sources such as numbers and place names, as well as commenting on spatial patterns if you are given a map. Make sure not to include case studies as these do not award you any marks.
How do you answer AO1 and AO2 6 mark questions (assess, discuss)?
Make sure you are clear when reading the question what knowledge you need to answer it properly, for example is it a factor of something or a case study. If you are given a source make sure to think about how it helps you and what knowledge it wants you to use.
How do you answer 9 mark questions (without a figure)?
They are looking for you to pick out which knowledge and understanding is required for this question. They often link two parts of the topic together and expect for you to be able to assess and evaluate them together. Your answer should be structured with a for and against argument, as well as a conclusion.
How do you answer 9 mark questions (with a figure)?
They are looking for you to use your knowledge and understanding alongside a figure. You should also bring in your own examples (compare and contrast). Don't just talk about the figure as this is AO3 and is not marked. Your answer should be structured with a for and against argument, as well as a conclusion.
How do you answer a 20 mark question?
You are often given a quote and asked to what extent you agree with the statement. You must bring in knowledge of case studies or examples. Structured with 3-4 paragraphs, often Support Counter argument Support or counter argument (if you do a 4th make it the opposite of the 3rd) Conclusion
What should you be thinking about when answering a 20 mark question?
Scale - global, national, local Temporal change - change over time Categorisation - social, economic, environmental Significance - greatest/fewest, largest/smallest
Define urbanisation
The process by which an increasing proportion of a country's population lives in towns and cities
Define urban growth
Increase in total population living in cities
Define urban expansion
The increase in size of a city
Define urban sprawl
Spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside
List some reasons urban centres are important
Economic production Social + cultural centres Centres of political power Exchange of ideas (universities)
Causes of urbanisation?
Natural population growth Rural-to-urban migration
What is a pull factor?
A factor that draws or attracts people to urban areas
What is a push factor?
A factor that drives people away from rural areas
What are world cities?
Cities that are disproportionately important in the global economy, not necessarily the largest in terms of population
What is an alpha ++ city with an example?
A city that is more integrated than all others, for example London and New York
What are examples of urban processes?
Economic Social Technological Political Demographic
What is the case study for urban processes?
Bengaluru
Bengaluru economic and social urban processes?
Economic - Relies on skilled people rather than goods, largest job creating city in India Social - Growing divide between middle class and lower classes, increasing pressure on housing in slums, where less than half have access to sanitation, clean water and electricity
What are megacities?
Cities with upwards of 10 million people New York was first in 1930 and now there are over 30
What are some benefits of megacities
Better levels of healthcare and education Centres of innovation Less environmentally challenging to provide public transport Access to larger and more diverse employment markets
What are some drawbacks of megacities?
Overpopulation Air and noise pollution Worsened natural disaster effect High waste Lots of impermeable surfaces Crime Lack of resources
What is and are the causes and impacts of urban resurgence?
Population movement from rural back to urban areas. Causes include financial reasons, benefits for businesses and services to be in busier areas and university students. Impacts include more families, more residents and population revival
What is and are the causes and impacts of counter-urbanisation?
Population movement from large urban areas to smaller urban settlements Causes include escaping pollution, rural idyll, car ownership and internet speed Impacts include tensions, internet advances and changes in rural settlement layout
What is the Hoyt Model?
A sector model of land use, adapted from the concentric zone model of city development. It allows for an outward progression of growth, in strips.
What is deindustrialisation?
The decline of a country's manufacturing and heavy industries
What are urban policies?
Strategies chosen by local or central government to manage the development of urban areas and reduce urban problems.
What are top down policies?
A system of government in which actions and policies are initiated at the highest level.
What are bottom up policies?
Schemes and policies controlled by local communities
What challenges face urban areas in the UK?
Crime, unemployment, homelessness and derelict buildings
Who were elected in 1979?
Conservative (thatcher and her policies)
Who were elected in 1997?
Labour
What type of policy was the Devonport regeneration?
Redeveloped under an English partnership, responsible for land acquisition. They bought Devonport for £5 million and partnered with Redrow to build homes and apartments.
When was the English partnership set up and by who?
1999, by the labour government
Why did Devonport need regenerating?
Improving availability of and access to local facilities Improving the built and natural environment Making use of the areas heritage in support of the regeneration process
How much did the 'Devonport vision' cost?
£70 million
What does the new deal for communities do?
Provides ten years of funding to improve the most deprived areas of the UK
Evaluate the success of the Devonport scheme
Still pockets of deprivation, but data shows the new deal programme have significantly improved the area Provided jobs for up to 80 construction workers Local residents agree that the work is positive
Evaluate the success of the English Partnership policy
Involved in several regeneration schemes such as the Thames gateway Potential to raise population from 241,000 to 300,000 by 2016 Delivered mixed use developments, with new residential, leisure and commercial uses
What are examples of improvements to Plymouth's urban areas?
Links between the city centre and the waterfront Plymouth pavilions National marine aquariums
What are positives and negatives of the City Challenge urban policy?
Positives include: 8,000 new jobs 15,000 new homes New office space (canary wharf in Hulme) Negatives include: Poorer people can't afford new homes Increased cases of asthma during construction
Linear settlements
Settlements that appear in lines, often centred around a single main road.
Nucleated settlements
Settlements clustered around a central point
Dispersed settlements
No clear pattern of whereabouts the housing is found
Urban morphology
The spatial structure and organisation of an urban area
‘Donut’ city and our example
A city whose centre declined due to rapid growth of the suburbs, our example is LA
Fortress city
Highly defended spaces which create a hostile environment
Fortress city features
Sloped benches, anti-homeless spikes, mosquito alarms, anti-skateboarder ruts on benches
Town centre mixed use developments meaning
Blends of residential, commercial, institutional and industrial uses, connected physically and functionally
York central mixed use development facts
45 hectares, 50% green space, £135 million on new separated walkways
Gentrification
Revival of an urban area that has been subject to socio-economic or environmental decline
Edge cities
Concentration of business, shopping and entertainment in an area which was previously suburbs, and not in the traditional downtown area
Features of a modernist city
Buildings decrease in size as you go further from the centre, organised, skyscrapers surround open space, straight wide roads
What is our postmodern Western city and features
Las Vegas, service-dominated, builders build whatever they want wherever they want, cheap land caused rapid expansion of the ‘strip’
What can poverty lead to
Reduced access to education, housing and green areas, poor nutrition, higher crime incidence
Cultural diversity
Existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society
Ghetto
Area of a city where the population is almost entirely made up of an ethnic or cultural minority
Self segregation
Migrants seek the support and security of living near friends and relatives within a community
Microclimate
Local area’s atmosphere may differ from the surrounding area, often urban areas
Albedo
Reflectivity of a surface
Particulate air pollution
Air pollution caused by release of particles into the atmosphere
SuDS
Sustainable Drainage System
SuDS examples
Green roof, swales, permeable road surfaces, rain gardens
Cheonggyecheon reasons and aim
Overpass had an impact on small businesses, Seoul is in the process of changing from development-oriented to one that values quality of life
Government wanted to improve connectivity between the North and South sides, also create ecological opportunities
Cheonggyecheon evaluation
+Tourist destination with 18 million visitors by 2008
+Speeds slowed by only 12%
+Re-established lost habitats
-house prices rose at 2x the rate
Waste increase annually
7%
4 methods of waste management and disposal
Recycling and recovery, trade, reduction and burial
Dereliction
Buildings that have become neglected, dilapidated and abandoned
Reasons for dereliction
Deindustrialisation which causes people to leave the city and the area becomes a victim of urban decline
Examples for water and air pollution
Mumbai and London
London water and air pollution
Water - Victorian system designed for 4 million people and drains overflow regularly, more than 450km of road pose high risk of causing road runoff
Air - Caused by smog, 9400 premature deaths due to poor air quality annually, costs between 1.4 and 3.7 billion a year
Mumbai water and air pollution
Water - Raw sewage dumped in rivers, 2400 million litres of raw sewage daily, 25% of sewage is from slums and goes into rivers
Air - 6th highest in India, acid rain, 80% of fossil fuel is for road travel
Main factors of higher ecological footprint
Consumerism, travel, waste generation
Copenhagen (sustainable city)
District heating reduces CO2 emission by 70%, 70% cycle even in snow, 50% of energy from wind by 2030
Note
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