Studied by 4 peoplePathway of Sperm
Mnemonics: SEVEN UP
Seminiferous tubules —> Epididymis —> Vas deferens —> Ejaculatory duct —> Nothing —> Urethra, Penis
Female: Vagina —>cervix —> uterus —>fallopian tube.
Fertilization in women occurs in Fallopian tube.
When muscles in the skin contract and cause the hair of an animal to “stand on end,” the skin could be functioning as a regulator of:
Body temperature.
Albumin is the major blood osmoregulatory protein. The most likely effect of a sharp rise in the level of serum albumin is:
An influx of interstitial fluid into the bloodstream.
Chromosomal Duplication
Study of Meiosis
During prokaryotic protein synthesis, translation begins as soon as the newly synthesized mRNA strand begins to extend from the DNA strand. This situation differs from that in eukaryotes, because eukaryotes:
Localize the processes of transcription and translation in the nucleus and cytoplasm, respectively.
DNA Replication
Poly A tail - help mRNA travel from nucleolus to Cytoplasm without getting degraded
5 cap - is where translation begins. Ribosome recognizes this site. attaches and looks for AUG start Codon.
For Prokaryotes
The shine dalgarno sequence - same thing as 5cap. Ribosome attaches and does its translation
Ribosome Sizes
Prokaryotes Ribosomes
70s —> 50/30
Eukaryotes Ribosomes
80s —> 60/40
30 and 40 is where translation occurs
After the gall bladder is removed from a patient, the patient will most likely have reduced ability to digest: Fat
The gall bladder stores bile produced by the liver and secretes it into the small intestine as needed. Bile acts as an emulsifier, facilitating fat digestion. When the gall bladder is removed, a patient will have reduced ability to digest fats.
After the …….. is removed from a patient, the patient will most likely have reduced ability to digest:
Protein
Starch
Sugar
In the human "knee-jerk" reflex, the knee is struck and the lower leg jerks forward. Which of the following represents the complete pathway that the nerve impulse travels in effecting this response?
Sensory neuron and Motor Neuron The knee-jerk reflex is a simple monosynaptic stretch reflex. A tap to the tendon that connects the quadriceps to the patella activates a sensory neuron that directly synapses with a motor neuron in the spinal cord, causing the quadriceps to contract.
Reflex Arc
Super fast
Sensory Neuron, Motor neuron Uturn
Doesn’t reach Brain
Synthesis of antibody proteins in eukaryotic cells is associated with what organelle?
As secreted proteins, antibodies are translated by ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER- Detoxication and Lipid Synthesis
Rough ER - Protein Synthesis
Nucleous
Replication
Golgi Aparatus
Mitochondria
Actin filaments within cells can be identified experimentally by the use of a labeled molecule that binds specifically to actin and not to other cell substances. Which of the following would be best to use as the labeled molecule?
Myosin binds to actin during contraction and will remain bound until phosphorylated by ATP. Actin filaments can be “decorated” with portions of the myosin molecule. Although ATP provides energy for muscle contraction, it provides energy for many other cell activities as well and would therefore be nonspecific. In addition, ATP binds to myosin, not to actin, in the contraction cycle. Albumin is a protein found in blood plasma. Myoglobin is the oxygen-binding pigment in muscle. Neither of these molecules is likely to have any specific affinity for actin.
Myosin
Myosin binds to Actin in order to contract muscle
hardy Weinberg Equations
Germ Layers
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Bacteria
Viruses reproduce by replicating within a host cell and thus cannot be said to reproduce by fission, as bacteria do. Many bacteria do have rigid cell walls, but many viruses have rigid capsids, so the presence of a rigid outer covering does not distinguish the two. Neither bacteria nor viruses have a nuclear membrane and both bacteria and viruses can contain RNA and protein. Thus, the best distinction between a bacterium and a virus is reproduction by fission, answer choice A.
Viruses
Viruses reproduce by replicating within a host cell and thus cannot be said to reproduce by fission, as bacteria do. Many bacteria do have rigid cell walls, but many viruses have rigid capsids, so the presence of a rigid outer covering does not distinguish the two. Neither bacteria nor viruses have a nuclear membrane and both bacteria and viruses can contain RNA and protein. Thus, the best distinction between a bacterium and a virus is reproduction by fission, answer choice A.
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
is a retrovirus, an RNA virus that can insert itself into the human genome. This virus can reproduce in host cells because it contains
The question states that HIV is a retrovirus. For the virus to reproduce itself in host cells, its RNA must be converted to DNA, which requires the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
Lung Expansions
Lung Inhalation
Lung Airway Pathway
Air travels through the nose and mouth through the pharynx. It then flows through the larynx and the trachea before entering the bronchi. The bronchi branch into the bronchioles and finally terminate into the alveoli, where gas exchange can take place between the lungs and the blood stream.
Alveoli
Red blood cells
Do not have organelles, because of they carry Oxygen
Macrophage
Erythrocyte
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Translation of antibody proteins in eukaryotic cells is associated with what organelle?
The stem asks which of the organelles listed is associated with the translation of antibody proteins. Of the organelles listed, only the endoplasmic reticulum is associated with translation of proteins. Synthesis is accomplished by the ribosomes, which are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. The nucleus contains the genetic information, the mitochondria are involved in cellular respiration, and the Golgi apparatus is involved in the processing and/or export of proteins. Therefore, the key is C.
Antidirutic Hormnes
Note
Flashcard