Pediatric Nursing Exam 1 Study Guide

Vocabulary flashcards based on the provided lecture notes on pediatric nursing.

Growth and Development

Focal area for the exam, covering all age groups, milestones, language, fine motor and gross motor skills, and social development.

Newborn

Birth to 1 month; milestone includes turning head side to side.

Infancy

1 month to 1 year 2 months; characterized by social smiles and developmental milestones like raising head, holding objects, and saying short words.

Toddlerhood

1-3 years; marked by learning to walk independently, behavioral problems like temper tantrums, and parallel play.

Preschool Age

3-6 years; characterized by gains in height, learning to skip and hop, associative play, and imaginary playmates.

School Age

6-11/12 years; physical growth slows, logical thinking develops, and children engage in collaborative play.

Adolescence

Period of growth spurts, development of secondary sexual characteristics, emotional changes, and health risks like STDs and substance abuse.

Cephalocaudal Development

Development from head to tail.

Proximodistal Development

Development from the center of the body outwards.

Hospitalized Toddler

Requires simple explanations before procedures and support for autonomy.

Hospitalized Preschooler

May feel guilt or fear of mutilation.

Latchkey Children

School-age children who spend time alone at home; requires safety rules and resources.

Solidary Play

Infants (0-1yr) play focused on sensory experiences.

Parallel Play

Toddlers (1-3 yrs) play side by side without interaction.

Associative Play

Preschoolers (3-6 yrs) interact with others but without set rules.

Cooperative Play

School age (6-12 yrs) play organized with rules and teamwork.

Receptive Language

The ability to understand what is being said or asked.

Expressive Language

The ability to communicate one’s desires and feelings.

Echolalia

Repetition of speech, common in toddlers <30 months.

Telegraphic Speech

Short, simple phrases, common in 3-year-olds.

Temper Tantrums

Normal in toddlers due to limited language and desire for independence.

Negativism

Saying “no” frequently, expresses autonomy in toddlers.

Ritualistic Behavior

Routines that provide security and predictability for toddlers.

Separation Anxiety

Peaks around 18-24 months; fear of being away from caregivers.

Stranger Danger

Fear of unfamiliar people.

Magical Thinking

Belief that thoughts cause events; common in toddlers and preschoolers.

Regression

Returning to an earlier development stage during stressful events.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erickson’s stage for infants; caregiver responds to basic needs, creating trust.

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

Erickson’s stage for toddlers; achieving self-control and independence.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erickson’s stage for preschoolers; planning activities and developing a conscience.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erickson’s stage for grade-schoolers; success in personal and social tasks.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Erickson’s stage for teenagers; establishing roles within peer groups.

Preoperational Stage

Piaget's stage (2-7 years); understands world through language and mental images.

Concrete Operational Stage

Piaget's stage (7-12 years); understands the world through logical thinking and categories.

Formal Operational Stage

Piaget's stage (12+ years); understands the world through hypothetical thinking and scientific reasoning.

FAS

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome; umbrella term to describe effects of alcohol on a newborn.

Cerebral Palsy

A non-progressive neuromuscular disorder caused by damage to the motor centers of the brain.

Spina Bifida

Incomplete development of the spinal cord and/or its protective coverings.

Failure to Thrive

Children whose weight or weight gain is significantly below that of comparably aged children.

Cleft Lip/Palate

Results from failure of the mesenchymal tissue to properly fuse during the embryonic stage.

Appendicitis

Opening of the appendix becomes obstructed by a fecalith, tumor, or infection.

Hirschsprung Disease

A disorder of motility of the intestinal tract resulting in obstruction.

Intussusception

Proximal segment of the bowel “telescopes” into the distal segment.

Diarrhea

An increase in stool frequency and loose/watery stools.

Lumbar Puncture

Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) sample is taken from the spinal canal for analysis.

Epiglottitis

Inflammation and swelling of the epiglottis.

Fracture

A break in a bone.

Hydrocephalus

The accumulation of CSP in the brain’s ventricles, leading to increased ICP.

Meningitis

The inflammation, swelling, and purulent exudate in the brain.

Scoliosis

S or C shaped curvature of the thoracic spine.

Otitis Media

Effusion and infection or blockage of the middle ear.

Tonsillitis

Inflammation and infection of the tonsils.

Bronchiolitis (RSV)

Inflammation of the bronchioles (lower resp. infection).

Dehydration

Infants have a larger ratio of extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid, so they are at a greater risk for dehydration than older children.

Osteomyelitis

Bacterial infection of the bone

Muscular Dystrophy

A group of genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the voluntary muscles which control movement.

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Chronic inflammatory disorder of the joint synovium

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)

A condition in premature infants caused by a deficiency of surfactant and characterized by hypoxia, cyanosis, and respiratory distress.

Status Asthmaticus

Asthma exacerbation unresponsive to tx results in severe airway obstruction, hypoxia, ventilation failure, and respiratory acidosis

Croup

Characterized by inflammation and edema of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi; sounds like barking