Unit 7 IDs

George E. Dewey

Naval commander whose spectacular May Day victory in 1898 opened the doors to American imperialism in Asia (In philipines)

Jacob Riis

Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen

Muckraker; A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

used photography to document incredibly poor conditions of many impoverished communities in early 20c

Emergency Quota Act of 1921

This law restricted immigration to 3% of each nationality that was in the United States in 1910.

Populists

Officially known as the People's party, they represented Westerners and Southerners who believed that U.S. economic policy inappropriately favored Eastern businessmen instead of the nation's farmers. Their proposals included nationalization of the railroads, a graduated income tax, and, most significantly, the unlimited coinage of silver.

Anti-Imperialist League (1898-1921)

A diverse group formed to protest American colonial oversight in the Philippines. It included university presidents, industrialists, clergymen, and labor leaders. Strongest in the Northeast, it was the largest lobbying organization on a U.S. foreign-policy issue until the end of the nineteenth century. It declined in strength after the United States signed the Treaty of Paris (which approved the annexation of the Philippines), and especially after hostilities broke out between Filipino nationalists and American forces.

Insular Cases (1901-1904)

Beginning in 1901, a badly divided Supreme Court decreed in these cases that the Constitution did not follow the flag. In other words, Puerto Ricans and Filipinos would not necessarily enjoy all American rights.

Open Door Notes/Policy (1899-1900)

A set of diplomatic letters in which Secretary of State John Hay urged the great powers to respect Chinese rights and free and open competition within their spheres of influence. The notes established the "Open Door Policy," which sought to ensure access to the Chinese market for the United States, despite the fact that the U.S. did not have a formal sphere of influence in China.

initiative (1880s-1920s)

A progressive reform measure allowing voters to petition to have a law placed on the general ballot. Like the ////// and \\\\\\, it brought democracy directly "to the people," and helped foster a shift toward interest-group politics and away from old political "machines."

recall (1880s-1920s)

A progressive ballot procedure allowing voters to remove elected officials from office.

Federal Trade Commission Act (1914)

A banner accomplishment of Woodrow Wilson's administration, this law empowered a standing, presidentially appointed commission to investigate illegal business practices in interstate commerce like unlawful competition, false advertising, and mislabeling of goods.

Dollar Diplomacy [1909-1913]

Name applied by President Taft's critics to the policy of supporting U.S. investments and political interests abroad. First applied to the financing of railways in China after 1909, the policy then spread to Haiti, Honduras, and Nicaragua. President Woodrow Wilson disavowed the practice, but his administration undertook comparable acts of intervention in support of U.S. business interests, especially in Latin America.

American Expeditionary Force (AEF) [1917-1918]

The name given to the U.S. Army force deployed to Europe in World War I commanded by General John J. Pershing and composed mostly of conscripts. Because the United States entered the war so late, by the time the —- was raised, trained, and deployed, the war was in its last year (1918). Units of the —- fought at Cantigny in May and at Chateau Thierry and Belleau Wood in June; its major engagements were at Saint Mihiel (September 12-15) and the Meuse-Argonne (September 26-November 11.

"Lost Generation" [1920s]

A creative circle of expatriate American artists and writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Gertrude Stein, who found shelter and inspiration in post-World War I Europe.

Ku Klux Klan [1920s]

Extremist, paramilitary, right wing secret society founded mid 19c and revived 1920s; antiforeign, antiblack, antijewish, anti pacifist, anticommunist, anti internationalist, anti evolutionist, antibootlegger, but pro Anglo Saxon and pro Protestant; members cloaked in sheets to hide identities terrorized freedmen & sympathetic whites thru out south after civil war; by 1890s, klan-style violence and Democratic legislation succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all southern blacks

Dawes Plan (1924)

An arrangement negotiated in 1924 to reschedule German reparations payments. It stabilized the German currency and opened the way for further American private loans to Germany.

William McKinley

Republican 25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist
led us to victory sp American war, raised protective tariffs that promoted American industry and maintained gold standard ("found money"); Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Cuba; restored prosperity after depression; pro business, conservative, unwilling to trouble waters by voicing unpopular opinions

Liliuokalani

Native Hawaiian queen overthrown in a revolution led by white planters and aided by US troops

The queen of Hawaii in 1887 who disliked foreigners entering her country. She didn't want to go to war with America because she knew her people would get massacred

Hawaiian Queen who tried to eliminate white control in the Hawaiian government. The white population revolted and seized power. Under McKinley Hawaii was annexed

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, (against US) but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.

Theodore Roosevelt

26 pres; one of most popular; greatly expanded powers of presidency; youngest pres; Nobel peace prize 1906 for Russo Japanese war; conservation, consumerism, corporation; semi trust bust; progressive; regulation of big business and conservation of natural resources and square deal for ordinary people

1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

Alice Paul

leader of the National Woman's party, campaigned for an Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution

A suffragette who believed that giving women the right to vote would eliminate the corruption in politics.

Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

Niagara Movement (1905)

a meeting of blacks at _____ in 1905, including Du Bois, where they created a list of demands (ex. unrestricted right to vote, end to segregation, equality of economic opportunities, exc.)

WEB Du Bois met with a group of black intellectuals in Canada, to discuss a program of protest and action aimed at securing equal rights for blacks.

Founded by W.E.B. DuBois to promote the education of African Americans in the liberal arts; end segregation & discrimination in unions, courts, & public accommodations; equality of opportunity

Black civil rights organization founded in 1905 by William Monroe Trotter and W.E.B. Du Bois that called for universal male suffrage, civil rights, and leadership by the black intellectual elite.
It helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1909

Gifford Pinchot

head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them; fired by Taft during ballinger issue

Spanish-American War (1898)

War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. America intervened "on behalf of" Cuba and phillippines, but really wanted to establish itself in pacific. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
Began the rise of the U.S. as a world power.

The Maine mysteriously blew up in the Havana harbor from internal explosion. Yellow journalists like Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst sensationalistically influence public opinion in newspapers ("Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain"). Americans declare war on Spain. The War was also caused by Americans' desire to expand as well as the harsh treatment that the Spanish had over the Cubans; the U.S. also wanted to help Cubans gain independence from Spain. The war resulted in the U.S. gaining Guam and Puerto Rico as well as control over the Philippines.

Moral Diplomacy

Policy adopted by President Woodrow Wilson that rejected the approach of "dollar diplomacy". Rather than focusing mainly on economic ties with other nations, Wilson's policy was designed to bring right principles to the world, preserve peace, and extend to other peoples the blessings of democracy.

Foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace

Foreign policy of President Woodrow Wilson. Wilson hoped to influence and control other countries through economic pressure, refusing to support non-democratic countries. Helped with the advancement of human rights in Latin America.

Al Capone

A famous Chicago gangster who made a fortune ($60 million in one year) off of bootlegging, and "murdered" his way to the top of the crime network, buying off public officials, the police, and judges. He was not convicted of any wrongdoing, however, until a judge in a federal court convicted him of income-tax evasion and sent him to jail in 1931.

United States gangster who terrorized Chicago during Prohibition until arrested for tax evasion. Known for smuggling/bootlegging liquor and bribing gov figures and prostitution; used some money to make donations to various charitable endeavors

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of —— Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents. (first of his automobiles was Model T)

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.politician and dominating force in liberal wing of dem party; didn't support gold standard, railroads, or banks but did support populist dem, free silver, anti imperialism, trust busting and farming interest and improved conditions for urban working class; "cross of gold" speech

Gold Standard Act (1900)

An act that guaranteed that paper currency would be redeemed freely in gold, putting an end to the already dying "free silver" campaign.

McKinley Tariff (1890)

Shepherded through Congress by President William McKinley, this tariff raised duties on Hawaiian sugar and set off renewed efforts to secure the annexation of Hawaii to the United States.

U.S.S. Maine (1898)

American battleship dispatched to keep a "friendly" watch over Cuba in early 1898. It mysteriously blew up in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898, with a loss of 260 sailors. Later evidence confirmed that the explosion was accidental, resulting from combustion in one of the ship's internal coal bunkers. But many Americans, eager for war, insisted that it was the fault of a Spanish submarine mine.

Teller Amendment (1898)

A proviso to President William McKinley's war plans that proclaimed to the world that when the United States had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give Cuba its freedom. The amendment testified to the ostensibly "anti-imperialist" designs of the initial war plans.

Rough Riders (1898)

Organized by Theodore Roosevelt, this was a colorful, motley regimen of Cuban war volunteers consisting of western cowboys, ex-convicts, and effete Ivy Leaguers. Roosevelt emphasized his experience with the regiment in subsequent campaigns for Governor of New York and Vice-President under William McKinley.

Platt Amendment (1901)

Following its military occupation, the US successfully pressure the Cuban government to write this amendment into its constitution. It limited Cuba's treaty-making abilities, controlled its debt, and stipulated that the US could intervene militarily to restore order when it saw fit.

Reservationists

Members of the Senate who were ready to ratify the Treaty of Versailles with modifications; the group is often divided into the "mild" , who wanted only minor changes, and the "strong" , who favored the significant changes advocated by Henry Cabot Lodge.

a group of Senators, led by Henry Cabot Lodge, who opposed the Treaty of Versailles, to end WWI unless specific changes were included

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901)

A treaty signed between the United States and Great Britain, giving Americans a free hand to build a canal in Central America. The treaty nullified the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850, which prohibited the British or U.S. from acquiring territory in Central America.

Roosevelt Corollary (1904)

A brazen policy of "preventive intervention" advocated by Theodore Roosevelt in his Annual Message to Congress in 1904. Adding ballast to the Monroe Doctrine, it stipulated that the United States would retain a right to intervene in the domestic affairs of Latin American nations in order to restore military and financial order.

Muckrakers (1890s-1920s)

Bright young reporters at the turn of the twentieth century who won this unfavorable moniker from Theodore Roosevelt, but boosted the circulations of their magazines by writing exposés of widespread corruption in American society. Their subjects included business manipulation of government, white slavers, child labor, and the illegal deeds of the trusts, and helped spur the passage of reform legislation.

Australian/secret Ballot

A system that allows voters privacy in marking their ballot choices. Developed in Australia in the 1850s, it was introduced to the United States during the progressive era to help counteract boss rule.

Referendum (1880s-1920s)

A progressive reform procedure allowing voters to place a bill on the ballot for final approval, even after being passed by the legislature.

Muller v. Oregon (1908)

A landmark Supreme Court case in which crusading attorney (and future Supreme Court Justice) Louis D. Brandeis persuaded the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of limiting the hours of women workers. Coming on the heels of Lochner v. New York, it established a different standard for male and female workers.

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

A law passed by Congress to inspect and regulate the labeling of all foods and pharmaceuticals intended for human consumption. This legislation, and additional provisions passed in 1911 to strengthen it, aimed particularly at the patent medicine industry. The more comprehensive Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 largely replaced this legislation.

Meat Inspection Act

A law passed by Congress to subject meat shipped over state lines to federal inspection; publication of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle earlier that year so disgusted American consumers with description of conditions in slaughterhouses and meat packing plants that it mobilized public support for gov action

Hetch Hetchy Valley

The federal government allowed the city of San Francisco to build a dam here in 1913. This was a blow to preservationists, who wished to protect the Yosemite National Park, where the dam was located.

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

Congressional legislation that established the ——- Commission, compelled railroads to publish standard rates, and prohibited rebates and pools. Railroads quickly became adept at using the Act to achieve their own ends, but the Act gave the government an important means to regulate big business.

New Freedom (1912)

Platform of reforms advocated by Woodrow Wilson in his first presidential campaign, including stronger antitrust legislation to protect small business enterprises from monopolies, banking reform, and tariff reductions. Wilson's strategy involved taking action to increase opportunities for capitalist competition rather than increasing government regulation of large trusts.

New Nationalism (1912)

State-interventionist reform program devised by journalist Herbert Croly and advocated by Theodore Roosevelt during his Bull Moose presidential campaign. Roosevelt did not object to continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions. Rather, he sought to create stronger regulatory agencies to insure that they operated to serve the public interest, not just private gain.

Florence Kelley

An advocate for improving the lives of women and children. (Social Welfare). She was appointed chief inspector of factories in Illinois. She helped win passage of the Illinois factory act in 1893 which prohibited child labor and limited women's working hours.

reformer who worked to prohibit child labor and to improve conditions for female workers

A lifelong battler for the welfare of women, children, blacks, and consumers. Served as a general secretary of the National Consumers League. Led the women of Hull House into a successful lobby in 1893 for an Illinois antisweatshop law that protected women workers and prohibited child labor. A leader in women's activism and social reform.

leader of national consumer league, which successfully boycotted goods made by children to help pass child labor legislation; worked to improve lives of women and children; apptd chief inspector of factories in illinois

Federal Reserve Act (1913)

act est 12 regional ____ ______ banks & the _____ ______ board, appted by President to regulate banking and create stability on national scale in volatile banking sector; law carried nation through financial crises of First World War in 1914-1918

Clayton antitrust act (1914)

Law extending the anti-trust protections of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and exempting labor unions and agricultural organizations from antimonopoly constraints; conferred long overdue benefits on labor

Great Migration [1910s-1940s]

The movement of 6 million African Americans from the rural South to the urban North and West in two major waves. The first, from World War I until the onset of the Great Depression, brought more than 1.5 million migrants to northern cities. From 1940 to 1970, another 5 million left the South, pushed off the land by the mechanization of cotton farming and lured north and west by hopes for greater economic opportunity and more equitable political participation. After 1970, increasing numbers of African Americans trekked back to the South in what was called the New Great Migration, as new jobs became more plentiful in the South than in the older industrial cities of the North and racial relations improved in the South.

18th Amendment (1919)

constitutional amendment prohibited manufacture, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverages, ushering in the Era known as Prohibition

19th Amendment (1920)

constitutional amendment finally passed by congress in 1919 and ratified in 1920; gave women the right to vote over 70 years after first organized calls for women's suffrage in Seneca Falls, NY

Harlem Renaissance [1920s-1930s]

A creative outpouring among African American writers, jazz musicians, and social thinkers, centered around —- in the 1920s, that celebrated black culture and advocated for a "New Negro" in American social, political, and intellectual life.

Allies

Great Britain, Russia, and France, later joined by Italy, Japan, and the United States, formed this alliance against the Central Powers in World War I.

Central Powers

Germany and Austria-Hungary, later joined by Turkey and Bulgaria, made up this alliance against the Allies in World War I.

14 Points (1918)

Woodrow Wilson's proposal to ensure peace after ww1 calling for end to secret treaties, widespread arm reduction, national self determination, and new league of nations

Committee on Public Information (1917)

A government office during World War I known popularly as the Creel Committee for its chairman George Creel, it was dedicated to winning everyday Americans' support for the war effort. It regularly distributed prowar propaganda and sent out an army of "four-minute men" to rally crowds and deliver "patriotic pep."

Espionage Act of 1917

A law prohibiting interference with the draft and other acts of national "disloyalty." Together with the Sedition Act of 1918, which added penalties for abusing the government in writing, it created a climate that was unfriendly to civil liberties

War Industries Board (1917)

Headed by Bernard Baruch, this federal agency coordinated industrial production during World War I, setting production quotas, allocating raw materials, and pushing companies to increase efficiency and eliminate waste. Under the economic mobilization of this agency, industrial production in the United States increased 20 percent during the war.

Industrial Workers of the World (1905)

It, also known as the "Wobblies," was a radical organization that sought to build "one big union" and advocated industrial sabotage in defense of that goal. At its peak in 1923, it could claim 100,000 members and could gain the support of 300,000. It particularly appealed to migratory workers in agriculture and lumbering and to miners, all of whom suffered from horrific working conditions.

Lusitania

British passenger liner that sank after it was torpedoed by Germany on May 7, 1915. It ended the lives of 1,198 people, including 128 Americans, and pushed the United States closer to war.

Zimmerman Note/Telegram (1917)

German foreign secretary Arthur ——— had secretly proposed a German-Mexican alliance against the United States. When the note was intercepted and published in March 1917, it caused an uproar that made some Americans more willing to enter the war.

Schenk v. United States (1919)

supreme court decision upheld espionage and sedition acts, reasoning freedom of speech could be curtailed when it proposed "clear and present danger" to nation

William Howard Taft

(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson

27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term; trustbusting

Annexation of Hawaii (1898)

us wanted Hawaii for business so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in us duty free; queen opposed so Sanford dole overthrew her 1893; McKinley convinced congress to annex in 1898

During the 1800s American sugar planters obtained land and influence in Hawaii and expanded American-Hawaiian sugar trade, although native monarchs continued to rule.• In 1890 the McKinley Tariff Act effectively closed the United States market to Hawaiian sugar planters,threatening their economic ruin. At the same time, native Hawaiian ruler Queen Liliuokalani moved toreestablish native control of Hawaiian affairs.• So in 1893, the American planters, with help from an American diplomatic representative and the United Statesmarines, staged a successful revolt against the queen and called on the United States for protection. American planters petitioned President Harrison for annexation, but a Democratic Senate refused to ratify the annexation treaty.• The new President Grover Cleveland also opposed annexation and apologized to the queen, but the American provisional government in Hawaii refused to step down. The debate over ratification continued until 1898 when Republicans regained control of the Senate and approved the treaty.• The revolt is one of the first instances of American imperialism outside the continental boundaries

At first the American people and President Cleveland opposed annexing Hawaii. During the Spanish American War, President McKinley and imperialists pushed for annexation of the island chain as a needed naval base in the Pacific.

Irreconcilables

Led by Senators William Borah of Idaho and Hiram Johnson of California, this was a hard-core group of militant isolationists who opposed the Wilsonian dream of international cooperation in the League of Nations after World War I. Their efforts played an important part in preventing American participation in the international organization.

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

World War I concluded with this vengeful document, which secured peace but imposed sharp terms on Germany and created a territorial mandate system to manage former colonies of the world powers. To Woodrow Wilson's chagrin, it incorporated very few of his original Fourteen Points, although it did include the League of Nations that Wilson had long sought. Isolationists in the United States, deeply opposed to the League, led the opposition to the Treaty, which was never ratified by the Senate.

[first] Red Scare (1919-1920)

A period of intense anticommunism . The "Palmer raids" of Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer resulted in about six thousand deportations of people suspected of "subversive" activities.

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

A sentimental triumph of the 1920s peace movement, this 1928 pact linked sixty-two nations in the supposed "outlawry of war."

Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Founded in Ohio in the 1870's to combat the evils of excessive alcohol consumption, they went on to embrace a broad reform agenda, including campaigns to abolish prostitution and gain the right to vote for women.

Marcus Hanna

This wealthy businessman and political leader was a master political organizer and financier who introduced modern campaign techniques to the American political system. With the help of his financial backing and organizational management skills, William McKinley was elected governor of Ohio in 1891 and reelected in 1893. He then supported McKinley for president in 1896. As chairman of the Republican National Committee, he managed McKinley's "front porch" campaign and raised several million dollars that helped to ensure McKinley's election over Democratic candidate William Jennings Bryan

Leader of the Republican Party who fought to get William McKinley the Republican nomination for president

Used the money he made in the iron business to support William McKinley's presidential campaign. He became a personification of big business in politics.

republican senator from
ohio and political manager/friend of McKinley (driving force); former businessman who raised money and devised strategy for McKinley winning bid to White House 1896

Jacob Coxey

A wealthy Ohio Populist who led a 500-strong "army" to Washington, D.C. in 1894 to demand a public works program to create jobs for the unemployed in the midst of a devastating four-year depression. Helped establish paper moneylead protest of unemployment from Panic of 1893. Also led a march on Washington DC in 1894 to seek government jobs for the unemployed.

Mary Lease

became well known during the early 1890's for her actions as a speaker for the populist party. She was a tall, strong woman who made numerous and memorable speeches on behalf of the downtrodden farmer. She denounced the money-grubbing government and encouraged farmers to speak their discontent with the economic situation.

Fiery and eloquent Kansas Populist orator who urged farmers to "raise less corn and more hell"

speaker for the Populist Party and the Farmer's Alliance. One of the founders of the Populist Party.

WEB Dubois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910a militant black reformer who graduated from Harvard and was not wholly excepted by either the white or black community (he was of a mixed background). He was critical of Washington's ideas (accommodation) and was a founder of both the NAACP and the Niagara Movement

Booker T Washington

proponent of gradual gain of equal rights for African-AmericansProminent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.encouraged blacks to keep to selves and focus on daily tasks rather than leading grand uprisingAn ex-slave who saved his money to buy himself an education. He believed that blacks must first gain economic equality before they gain social equality. He was President of the Tuskegee Institute and he was a part of the Atlanta Compromise. He believed that blacks should be taught useful skills so that whites would see them as useful.

Cross of Gold Speech (1896)

An address given by Bryan, the Democratic presidential nominee during the national convention of the Democratic party, it criticized the gold standard and supported the coinage of silver. His beliefs were popular with debt-ridden farmers.

An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

delivered by Bryan at dem national congress in Chicago; argued in favor of bimedallism/free silver/allow silver AND gold to be in American economy; would help prosperity in depression (earned Bryan the dem nomination for presidential election 1896)

Josiah Strong

author of Our Country, on Anglo-Saxon superiority; a popular American minister in the late 1800s who linked Anglo-Saxonism to Christian missionary ideas

American clergyman who preached Anglo-Saxon superiority and called for stronger U.S. missionary effort overseas

Leader of 3rd GA? And founder of social gospel movement?

Alfred Thayer Mahan

US Admiral who encouraged the US to strengthen its naval power to become a world power.

a United States Navy officer, geostrategist, and educator. His ideas on the importance of sea power influenced navies around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups before World War I. Several ships were named USS Mahan, including the lead vessel of a class of destroyers. His research into naval History led to his most important work, The Influence of Seapower Upon History,1660-1783, published in 1890

Navy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy; wrote "The influence of Sea Power upon History"

Amer naval officer who wrote influential books emphasizing sea power and advocating for big navy

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt's promise of fair and equal treatment for all

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

campaign slogan in election 1904; meant that all Americans should have equal opportunity to succeed

Ida Tarbell

"muckraker" who wrote in magazine McClure's (1921)

Leading muckraking journalist whose articles documented the Standard Oil Company's abuse of power

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

1921 - founded American Birth Control League; which became Planned Parenthood in the 1940s. Advocated birth control awareness.

Robert "Fighting Bob" La Follette

The most influential of the state-level progressive governors and a presidential aspirant in 1912

Progressive Wisconsin governor who attacked machine politics and pressured the state legislature to require each party to hold a direct primary

1855-1925. Progressive Wisconsin Senator and Governor. Staunch supporter of the Progressive movement, and vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and League of Nations.

Carrie Chapman Catt

president of NAWSA, who led the campaign for woman suffrage during Wilson's administration

Conservative leader of the NAWSA from 1915 - 1920 and pushed the suffrage movement nation-wide.

1859-1947) A suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

women need political rights to be better caretakers (win plan: lobby, rally, parade)

16th Amendment (1913)

GRADUATED INCOME TAX

Authorized the collection of a progressive income tax. "Progressive" means as you make a higher income, you pay a higher percentage. This tax does not apply to money made on investments or in the stock market. Today, this is the primary source of revenue for the federal government. Helped replace revenue lost after the Underwood-Simmons Tariff of 1913 (passed under Wilson) significantly lowered tariffs.

17th Amendment (1913)

DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS

Established that senators were to be elected directly by voters (instead of by state legislatures as under the Constitution originally). This law was part of the Progressive Era effort to curb the power of political parties and open up the government with more democracy to the people.

John Muir

(1838-1914) Naturalist who believed the wilderness should be preserved in its natural state. He was largely responsible for the creation of Yosemite National Park in California.

United States naturalist (born in England) who advocated the creation of national parks (1838-1914)

Election 1912

When the Republican's votes were split between Taft and Roosevelt (New Nationalism/Bull Moose Party), the Democrats stayed together and elected Wilson as President (New Freedom) with progressive platform. The Republicans had no chance because they had two candidates running; repubs thrust into minority status of congress for next 6 yrs

Woodrow Wilson wins! When Theodore Roosevelt broke from the Republicans to form the Bull Moose (AKA "Progressive") Party, he hoped to win back the presidency. His presence split the Republican vote resulting in a win for the Democrat, Wilson. Wilson led an era of Progressive Reform (creating the Federal Reserve for instance), took the nation into World War I and staunchly fought for the 'League of Nations' - which the US wouldn't join because of Wilson's unwillingness to compromise with the Republicans in the Senate.

Presidential campaign involving Taft, T. Roosevelt, and Woodrow Wilson. Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, enabling Wilson to win

Atlanta Compromise (1895)

A speech made by Washington that outlined the philosophy that blacks should focus on economic gains, go to school, learn skills, and work their way up the ladder and that Southern whites should help out to create an unresentful people.

Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-Americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement; urged them to accept disenfranchisement and segregation for the time being, working for economic advancement instead

Philippine-American War (1899-1902)

armed conflict between the Philippines and the United States from 1899-1902. It was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence. The Philippines declared war on the US and it became a savage conflict with guerilla warfare. Villages were destroyed, civilians were murdered, and prisoners were tortured. The war ended when Aguinaldo surrendered in 1902.

Panama Canal

(TR) , The United States built this to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build it, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build it

a ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914)

Herbert Hoover

31st pres; Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.

repub who campaigned on prohibition and prosperity; humanitarian and implement stronger protections for labor and increased fed subsidies for agriculture; blamed for stock market crash; food and fuel administration

Washington Conference (1921-1922)

(Incl Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, and the United States)

Meeting of world powers that resulted in agreements that limited naval arms, reaffirmed America's Open Door policy that kept Chinese trade open to all, and secured pledges of cooperation among the world's leading military powerS

Meeting between most major world powers for naval disarmament; also prevented US and GB from fortifying far east possessions and eat 4 power treaty? (Relieve growing tensions in east Asia)

Henry Cabot Lodge

Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened (didn't want US to get involved); enemies with Wilson & strong reservationist

Mitchell Palmer

attorney general who authorized anti-radical raids and deportations (6000 suspected communists)

Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."

Charles Lindbergh

American pilot who made the first non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927; isolationist & orator and "America Firster"; catalyzed passage of "___ Law" that allowed death penalty to certain cases of interstate abduction after the murder of his infant son

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

A leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance. He wrote "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" and "My People"

Jazz Age (1920s)

Another name for the 1920s or the Roaring Twenties. The decade was marked by rapid economic growth, rising prosperity for many people, and far-reaching social changes for much of the nation.
- ——-, a new genre of music developed by Creole musicians in New Orleans, became increasing popular during the period, and the style became synonymous with the decade; term coined by F Scott Fitzgerald

Scopes Trial (1925)

Tennessee legal case involving the teaching of evolution in public schools. , a biology teacher, was tried for teaching Darwinism in public school. Clarence Darrow was one of his' attorneys, while William Jennings Bryan, a leading Christian fundamentalist, aided the state prosecutor. Darrow put Bryan on the stand and sharply questioned Bryan on the latter's literal interpretation as appropriate for science class. Bryan was humiliated and died a few days after the trial. teacher was convicted (found guilty and fined $100 but verdict overturned on technicality)

"Monkey Trial" over ——— teaching of evolution in his biology classroom in violation of a Tennessee law; it pitted the Bible, fundamentalism, and William Jennings Bryan against evolution, modernism, and Clarence Darrow. ——- was convicted, but fundamentalism was damaged and discouraged by the trial.

National Origins Act of 1924

A law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from S/E Euro and Asia; restricted immigration from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians. The policy stayed in effect until the 1960s.

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial (1921)

underscored the anti-foreign attitude of many Americans. Italian immigrants and known atheists and anarchists were accused of killing a paymaster and a guard in a daylight robbery of a shoe factory, a notorious trial followed. During the trial, the judge and jury appeared overtly prejudiced against them because of their immigrant background and their political beliefs.

The trial, and determination of their fate, dragged on for seven years, while protestors around the world organized rallies to show support and demand a new trial for the two doomed men. In the end, both men were executed on August 23, 1927.