ESENVI-Sustainable Energy to Mineral

Sustainable development

development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Sustainable economy

on that produces weatlh and provides jobs for many human generations without degrading the environment

coal

formed from the remains of ancient plants that accumulated in swamps and marshes millions of years ago. through pressure and heat, this resource is transformed

Peat

a type of organic material formed from partially decomposed plant matter that accumulates in waterlogged environments such as bogs and swamps

Lignite

a type of coal that is often referred to as “brown coal.” Characterized by its relatively low carbon content and high moisture content compared to other types of coal

Bituminous

a type of coal characterized by its relatively high carbon content and its black or dark brown color. Widely used as a fuel for electricity generation and industriala processes.

Anthracite

a high grade type of coal with a high carbon content and a glossy black appearance. Known for its high energy content and low impurity levels.

How is petroleum formed?

forms from the remains of ancient marine organisms which accumulated on the ocean floor.

Tar Sands

also known as oil sands, are sands laden with petroleum. They have sufficient petroleum content that they can be mined eith surface mining techniques if they occur at shallow depths

Shale Gas

a natural gas trapped in shale rock formations deep underground, extracted through hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, by injecting water, sand, and chemicals

Net heating value unit

MJ/kg or

Mega Joules per kilogram

Net heating value of charcoal

26.3

Net heating value of coal, anthracite

25.8

net heating value of coal, bituminous

28.5

net heating value of fuel oil no.2(home heating)

45.5

net heating of fuel oil no.6 (bunker C)

42.5

net heating value of natural gas

53.0

net heating value of peat

10.4

net heating value of:

wood, oak

13.3 - 19.3

net heating value of wood, pine:

14.9 - 22.3

fussion and fission

two potential reactionthat may be used to generate nuclear energy

TRUE

ALL commercially operating nuclear reactors are based on fission reaction.

TRUE OR FALSE

breeder reactors

nuclear reactors designed to produce more fissile material than they consume.

fissile

materials capable of undergoing nuclear fission

renewables

these are example of sustainable energy resources

1. hydropower

2. biofuels from biomass

3. geothermal

4. tides and waves

5. solar

6. hydrogen( as replacement for petroleum)

Kinds of renewables (sustainable energy resources)

hydropower

a renewable resource that renews water through the hydrologic cycle, converting potential energy of stored water to kinetic energy of falling water

Biofuels from biomass

this renewable resource converts organic materials such as wood (and more), into fuel sources like ethanol (and more) through processes such as fermentation (and more)

Geothermal

this energy resource harnesses heat from underground reservoirs of hot water and steam, which are used to drive turbines and generate electricity

Tides and waves

utilize natural movements of ocean water to generate electricity

solar

energy from the sun

hydrogen

this renewable resource can replace petroleum through fuel cells, where it reacts with oxygen to produce electricity