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What is the study of drugs?
Pharmacology
How many phases of drug action are there?
3
What are the 3 phrases of drug action?
Pharmaceutic phase
Pharmacokinetic phase
Pharmacodynamic phase
What is the phase of drug action in which it involves the process of dissolution/dissolving of drugs?
In the pharmaceutic phase, what form must a drug be able to cross the cell membrane?
Liquid form
What is the phase of drug action in which it involves the movement of drug in the body from its consumption until it reaches the body part that needs the drug the most?
Pharmacokinetic phase
What is the phase of drug action in which it involves the study of drug concentration and its effects to the body?
Pharmacodynamic phase
When a tablet or capsule is taken by mouth, what must a tablet or capsule become?
A solution
T/F: Only solid drugs undergo the pharmaceutic phase.
TRUE
What type of form is a capsule in?
Powdered
What are the two terms in the pharmaceutic phase?
Disintegration
Dissolution
What is the process in the pharmaceutic process in which it involves crushing the solid into small particles?
Disintegration
What is the process in the pharmaceutic process in which it involves a liquid form of a drug?
Dissolution
T/F: Disintegration is faster than dissolution.
FALSE, dissolution is faster
What are fillers and inert substances used in drug preparation to allow drug to take on a particular size and shape and to enhance dissolution?
Excipients
T/F: Tablets are 100% drugs.
FALSE, they are not 100% drugs
What is a brand name of paracetamol?
Biogesic
What is a drug that is considered as an analgesic and an antipyretic?
Biogesic
What do you call a drug that relives mild to moderate pain?
Analgesic
What does an antipyretic reduce?
fever
T/F: A 500mg Biogesic tablet is not pure 500mg paracetamol as it has fillers and inerts substances to make it easier to dissolve.
TRUE
What increase the absorbability of a drug?
Drug additives
In absorption, from the moment that a drug enters the body of a person, it will reach the body fluids, particularly where?
Blood plasma
What should a tablet be absorbed to mix with when it enters the GI after consumption?
Plasma
What do drugs and capsules contain for absorption to happen?
Drug additives
What is an antibiotic and antibacterial drug in which compared to other drugs, it cannot be absorbed by the acidic environment of the stomach?
Penicillin
What is the environment of the stomach in which it cannot absorb penicillin?
Acidic
What are the two types of Penicillins that are added to penicillin to make absorption easier in the GI tract?
K and Na
What is the result of the addition of K and Na in penicillin?
Penicillin and penicillin sodium
What is the time in which the drug can disintegrate and dissolve?
Rate limiting
Why do liquid drugs have faster rate limiting than solid drugs?
Because in solid drugs, disintegration and dissolution still occurs
What drugs have faster rate limiting than solid drugs?
Liquid drugs
What is the main reason most drugs are favorable?
Due to the gastric contents of a person
What should the nurse consider when it comes to the gastric contents of a person?
The age of a person
T/F: Very young and very old people have less gastric acidity.
TRUE
Whose gastric acids are higher in pH?
Very young and very old people
T/F: It's normal that the absorption capability of the very young and very old are lower in their bodies.
TRUE
Enteric-coated drugs resist disintegration in what of the stomach?
Gastric acid
What drugs resist disintegration in the gastric acid of stomach?
Enteric-coated drugs
How long do enteric-coated drugs remain in the stomach?
A long time
When dissolved in the GI tract, what drugs will not be as effective?
Enteric-coated drugs
Why cannot enteric-coated drugs be crushed?
Crushing will disintegrate it
What drugs remain in the stomach for a long time in which its effect in onset is delayed?
Enteric-coated drugs
When does disintegration occur in enteric-coated drugs?
When it reaches the alkaline environment of the small intestines
What may or may not interfere with dissolution and absorption of drugs?
Food in GIT
T/F: Food in GIT may or may not interfere with dissolution and absorption of drugs.
Why are some drugs taken on an empty stomach?
For better absorption
Why are some drugs taken on a full stomach?
For the patient to experience less GI upset
What type of stomach do drugs depend on?
Empty or full stomach
What is the phase of drug action in which it involves the process of drug movement to achieve drug action?
What are the 4 movements of drug in the pharmacokinetic phase?
ADM/BE
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
What is the result of a chemical activity in our body?
Waste product
What does a drug have after it does its action?
Waste product
What is the movement of drug in the pharmacokinetic phase in which it involves the movement of drug particles from GIT to body cells by passive absorption, active absoprtion, or pinocytosis?
Absorption
What are the 3 ways a drug can move from GIT to body cells of absorption?
Passive absorption
Active absorption
Pinocytosis
What absorption occurs in the small intestine due to the action of mucosal villi in a process called diffusion?
Passive absorption
What do you call the movement from area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Diffusion
What absorption happens when a drug and its particles can't enter the cell easily?
Active absorption
What absorption happens in which it needs an enzyme or protein carrier to pass the cell membrane?
Active absorption
What absorption happens in which the cell engulfs the drug?
Pinocytosis
What type of carrier does the cell membrane need in active absorption?
Enzyme or protein carrier
T/F: Drugs that are lipid-soluble and non-ionized are absorbed faster in the GIT than water-soluble and ionized drugs.
TRUE
What are drugs that are absorbed faster in the GIT than water-soluble and ionized drugs?
Lipid-soluble and non-ionized drugs
What are drugs that can easily enter the cell?
Lipid-soluble drugs
What are drugs that are not charged positively nor negatively?
Non-ionized drugs
Lipid-soluble drugs enter the cell simply by what?
Passive absorption
What type of drugs enter the cell by passive absorption?
Lipid-soluble drugs
What is a drug that cannot enter the cell membrane?
Water-soluble
What does water-soluble drug use to enter the cell membrane easily?
A carrier (active absorption)
T/F: Aspirin is water-soluble.
TRUE
What is a process where some oral drug passes to the liver first?
First-pass effect
Where does the majority of drugs pass through?
Liver
Where does the primary metabolism occurs in the body?
Liver
What drugs are metabolized first in the liver before reaching the bloodstream?
Morphine
Warfarin
What is a narcotic analgesic in which it is taken for severe pain?
Morphine
What is the drug that is addictive compared to paracetamol?
Morphine
What is an opioid analgesic that cannot be bought without prescription?
Morphine
What is an anticoagulant which is metabolized first in the liver before reaching the bloodstream?
Warfarin
What means that there are a lot being metabolized in the liver in which when the drug reaches the systemic circulation, there will be nothing left?
High first-pass
T/F: A drug with high first-pass is recommended to have in oral form.
FALSE, not recommended
What drugs have high first-pass?
Lidocaines and some nitroglycerines
What drug is a local anesthetic drug in which it has a very high first-pass and does not have an oral drug?
Lidocaine
What drug has an anesthetic effect to the heart which can be used for heart rhythm like dysrhythmia?
Lidocaine
What drug can you use for dysrhythmia?
Lidocaine
What drugs also have high first-pass with no oral form in which these can be used for angina that can lead to MI and can also lower BP?
Some nitroglycerines
What is the percentage of administered drug dose that reaches systemic circulation?
Bioavailability
What is the bioavailability of oral drugs?
Less than 100%
How much bioavailability do oral drugs with high first-pass have?
20-40%
What is the bioavailability of drugs given by the IV route?
100%
Why are drugs given by the IV route have 100% bioavailability?
Because it is direct to the bloodstream
What does NSAID stand for?
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug
What is myocardial infarction also referred as?
Heart attack
What is cardiovascular accident also referred as?
Stroke
What is an analgesic and antipyretic that is a weak acid?
Aspirin
T/F: Both MI and CVA involve blood clotting.
TRUE
T/F: One must be cautious when giving aspirin to children.
TRUE
Why do we have to be cautious when giving aspirin to children?
It can be associated with the development of Reye's syndrome
What is also referred to as acute hepatic encephalopathy in which it affects the liver and brain usually associated with giving aspirin?
Reye's syndrome
T/F: Aspirin cannot easily reach the cell membrane.
FALSE, it is a weak acid, thus, can easily reach.
T/F: All aspirins are PO and IV.
FALSE, only PO.
Note 
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