PHAR W1

What is the study of drugs?

**Pharmacology**

How many phases of drug action are there?

3

What are the 3 phrases of drug action?

1. Pharmaceutic phase
2. Pharmacokinetic phase
3. Pharmacodynamic phase

What is the phase of drug action in which it involves the process of dissolution/dissolving of drugs?

### **Pharmaceutic phase**

In the pharmaceutic phase, what form must a drug be able to cross the cell membrane?

Liquid form

What is the phase of drug action in which it involves the movement of drug in the body from its consumption until it reaches the body part that needs the drug the most?

Pharmacokinetic phase

What is the phase of drug action in which it involves the study of drug concentration and its effects to the body?

Pharmacodynamic phase

When a tablet or capsule is taken by mouth, what must a tablet or capsule become?

A solution

T/F: Only solid drugs undergo the pharmaceutic phase.

TRUE

What type of form is a capsule in?

Powdered

What are the two terms in the pharmaceutic phase?

* Disintegration


* Dissolution

What is the process in the pharmaceutic process in which it involves crushing the solid into small particles?

Disintegration

What is the process in the pharmaceutic process in which it involves a liquid form of a drug?

Dissolution

T/F: Disintegration is faster than dissolution.

FALSE, dissolution is faster

What are fillers and inert substances used in drug preparation to allow drug to take on a particular size and shape and to enhance dissolution?

Excipients

T/F: Tablets are 100% drugs.

FALSE, they are not 100% drugs

What is a brand name of paracetamol?

Biogesic

What is a drug that is considered as an analgesic and an antipyretic?

Biogesic

What do you call a drug that relives mild to moderate pain?

Analgesic

What does an antipyretic reduce?

fever

T/F: A 500mg Biogesic tablet is not pure 500mg paracetamol as it has fillers and inerts substances to make it easier to dissolve.

TRUE

What increase the absorbability of a drug?

Drug additives

In absorption, from the moment that a drug enters the body of a person, it will reach the body fluids, particularly where?

Blood plasma

What should a tablet be absorbed to mix with when it enters the GI after consumption?

Plasma

What do drugs and capsules contain for absorption to happen?

Drug additives

What is an antibiotic and antibacterial drug in which compared to other drugs, it cannot be absorbed by the acidic environment of the stomach?

Penicillin

What is the environment of the stomach in which it cannot absorb penicillin?

Acidic

What are the two types of Penicillins that are added to penicillin to make absorption easier in the GI tract?

K and Na

What is the result of the addition of K and Na in penicillin?

Penicillin and penicillin sodium

What is the time in which the drug can disintegrate and dissolve?

Rate limiting

Why do liquid drugs have faster rate limiting than solid drugs?

Because in solid drugs, disintegration and dissolution still occurs

What drugs have faster rate limiting than solid drugs?

Liquid drugs

What is the main reason most drugs are favorable?

Due to the gastric contents of a person

What should the nurse consider when it comes to the gastric contents of a person?

The age of a person

T/F: Very young and very old people have less gastric acidity.

TRUE

Whose gastric acids are higher in pH?

Very young and very old people

T/F: It's normal that the absorption capability of the very young and very old are lower in their bodies.

TRUE

Enteric-coated drugs resist disintegration in what of the stomach?

Gastric acid

What drugs resist disintegration in the gastric acid of stomach?

Enteric-coated drugs

How long do enteric-coated drugs remain in the stomach?

A long time

When dissolved in the GI tract, what drugs will not be as effective?

Enteric-coated drugs

Why cannot enteric-coated drugs be crushed?

Crushing will disintegrate it

What drugs remain in the stomach for a long time in which its effect in onset is delayed?

Enteric-coated drugs

When does disintegration occur in enteric-coated drugs?

When it reaches the alkaline environment of the small intestines

What may or may not interfere with dissolution and absorption of drugs?

Food in GIT

T/F: Food in GIT may or may not interfere with dissolution and absorption of drugs.

Why are some drugs taken on an empty stomach?

For better absorption

Why are some drugs taken on a full stomach?

For the patient to experience less GI upset

What type of stomach do drugs depend on?

Empty or full stomach

What is the phase of drug action in which it involves the process of drug movement to achieve drug action?

### Pharmacokinetic phase

What are the 4 movements of drug in the pharmacokinetic phase?

ADM/BE


1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Metabolism
4. Excretion

What is the result of a chemical activity in our body?

Waste product

What does a drug have after it does its action?

Waste product

What is the movement of drug in the pharmacokinetic phase in which it involves the __**movement of drug particles from GIT to body cells**__ by __*passive absorption*__, __*active absoprtion*__, or __*pinocytosis*__?

**Absorption**

What are the 3 ways a drug can move from GIT to body cells of absorption?

1. Passive absorption


2. Active absorption
3. Pinocytosis

What absorption occurs in the small intestine due to the action of mucosal villi in a process called diffusion?

Passive absorption

What do you call the movement from area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

Diffusion

What absorption happens when a drug and its particles can't enter the cell easily?

Active absorption

What absorption happens in which it needs an enzyme or protein carrier to pass the cell membrane?

Active absorption

What absorption happens in which the cell engulfs the drug?

Pinocytosis

What type of carrier does the cell membrane need in active absorption?

Enzyme or protein carrier

T/F: Drugs that are lipid-soluble and non-ionized are absorbed faster in the GIT than water-soluble and ionized drugs.

TRUE

What are drugs that are absorbed faster in the GIT than water-soluble and ionized drugs?

Lipid-soluble and non-ionized drugs

What are drugs that can easily enter the cell?

Lipid-soluble drugs

What are drugs that are not charged positively nor negatively?

Non-ionized drugs

Lipid-soluble drugs enter the cell simply by what?

Passive absorption

What type of drugs enter the cell by passive absorption?

Lipid-soluble drugs

What is a drug that cannot enter the cell membrane?

Water-soluble

What does water-soluble drug use to enter the cell membrane easily?

A carrier (active absorption)

T/F: Aspirin is water-soluble.

TRUE

What is a process where some oral drug passes to the liver first?

First-pass effect

Where does the majority of drugs pass through?

Liver

Where does the primary metabolism occurs in the body?

Liver

What drugs are metabolized first in the liver before reaching the bloodstream?

* Morphine


* Warfarin

What is a __**narcotic analgesic**__ in which it is taken *for severe pain*?

**Morphine**

What is the drug that is __**addictive**__ *compared to paracetamol*?

**Morphine**

What is an __**opioid analgesic**__ that cannot be *bought without prescription*?

**Morphine**

What is an __**anticoagulant**__ which is metabolized first in the liver before reaching the bloodstream?

**Warfarin**

What means that there are a lot being metabolized in the liver in which when the drug reaches the systemic circulation, there will be nothing left?

**High first-pass**

T/F: A drug with high first-pass is recommended to have in oral form.

FALSE, not recommended

What drugs have __**high first-pass**__?

__**Lidocaines**__ and some __**nitroglycerines**__

What drug is a __**local anesthetic drug**__ in which it has a *very high first-pass and does not have an oral drug*?

**Lidocaine**

What drug has an __**anesthetic effect to the heart**__ which can be *used for heart rhythm like dysrhythmia*?

**Lidocaine**

What drug can you use for __**dysrhythmia?**__

**Lidocaine**

What drugs also have high first-pass with no oral form in which these can be __**used for angina**__ that can *lead to MI and can also lower BP*?

**Some nitroglycerines**

What is the __**percentage of administered drug dose**__ that *reaches systemic circulation*?

**Bioavailability**

What is the **bioavailability of** __**oral drugs**__?

**Less than 100%**

How much **bioavailability do oral drugs with** __**high first-pass have**__?

**20-40%**

What is the **bioavailability of drugs given by the** __**IV route**__?

**100%**

Why are drugs given by the IV route have 100% bioavailability?

Because it is direct to the bloodstream

What does __**NSAID**__ stand for?

**Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug**

What is __**myocardial infarction**__ also referred as?

**Heart attack**

What is __**cardiovascular accident**__ also referred as?

**Stroke**

What is an __**analgesic and antipyretic**__ that is ***a weak acid***?

**Aspirin**

T/F: Both MI and CVA involve blood clotting.

TRUE

T/F: One must be cautious when giving aspirin to children.

TRUE

Why do we have to be cautious when giving aspirin to children?

It can be associated with the development of Reye's syndrome

What is also referred to as __**acute hepatic encephalopathy**__ in which ***it affects the liver and brain*** usually __**associated with giving aspirin**__?

**Reye's syndrome**

T/F: Aspirin cannot easily reach the cell membrane.

FALSE, it is a weak acid, thus, can easily reach.

T/F: All aspirins are PO and IV.

FALSE, only PO.