medical interventions 1.1-.16

Medical Intervention

any measure whose purpose is to improve health or alter the course of disease 

antibody

an antigen-binding protein produced by B cells, that inactivates the pathogen and recruits lymphocytes to kill the pathogen

antigen

foreign macro molecule that doesn’t belong to the host organism and elicits an immune response 

pathogen

a specific causative agent of disease

concentration

the amount of a specified substance in a unit amount of another substance 

serial dilution

a step wise dilution of a substance in solution

ELISA

Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay; a quantitative test that measures the amount of antibody/antigen. Substance sticks to a surface, reacts with enzyme-linked antibodies and produces color, color intensity shows how much is present. 

enzyme

a chemical agent that changes the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction

substrate

the reactant on which an enzyme works, creating a product

primer

a short strand of RNA or DNA whose presence is required for formation of a longer chain of DNA 

DNA sequencing

how scientists determine the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule

Steps for cycle sequencing 

1. separate DNA with PCR

2. mix DNA, primer, DNA polymerase, regular and fluorescent nucleotides

3. heat and cool using thermal cycling to copy DNA; fluorescent nucleotides stop some strands

4. separate fragments by size 

5. detect colors 

6. analyze DNA sequence 

Meningitis

bacteria attacks the lining around the brain (meninges) and they breach it and infect the fluid running into the spinal cord

If given the concentration of the first tube, how can I find the others

multiply the concentration by the dilution(fraction) then take that number and multiply it by the dilution etc

if the sample has decimals in the beginning, how can you change it.

cross multiply and divide.