criminals + armed force

join the army

serve in the army

enrolment in the army

army recruitment policies

conscript

draft

army recruitment policies

army recruitment policies focused on strength and fitness

serve their countries

serve in the army

there has been an entrenched belief that army is men’s realm

entrenched = firmly established

in the caring profession

women’s tenderness is a required character in the caring profession

well-educated and well-trained

females can perform military tasks as their male counterparts do, provided that they are well-educated and well-trained

juvenile delinquency

juvenile: trẻ vị thành niên

delinquency: illegal behaviour

in many countries, juvenile delinquency has become a topical issue

there are a wide range of factors accounting for ….

adolescent

strong aggressive and criminal tendencies

there are a wide range of factors that account for adolescents’ strong aggressive and criminal tendencies in a modern society

the underlying cause is

parental care

the underlying cause is the lack of parental care

working parents

working parents are often too busy to spend time with their children, supervising them and giving them advice

permissive towards

lenient with

permissive: thoáng

some parents compensate for this by being more permissive towards and lenient with their kids

parents’ monitoring and and guidance

excessive freedom

the lack of parents’ monitoring and guidance coupled with the excessive freedom they are given can lead to children’s engaging in criminal activities

engage in criminal activities

another factor responsible for juvenile crime is

show an inclination to

be inclined to

more and more parents nowadays show an inclination to abuse their children and treat them as an outlet for stress

an outlet for stress/ her energies and talents

only form of emotional outlet

outlet: chỗ thoát ra

more and more parents nowadays show an inclination to abuse their children and treat them as an outlet for stress

Her work provided no outlet for her energies and talents.

Writing poetry was his only form of emotional outlet.

leave sb misleading impression

give them composure

it leaves young children and teenagers a misleading impression about violence and gives them composure when acting violence

the surge in televised violence

the surge in televised violence is closely linked to yound adults aggressive behaviour

compound = exacerbate

this effect has been compounded by the spread of the Internet

be liable for = be held reponsible

having (legal) responsibility for

parents should be liable for their children’s law offending behaviour

law offending behaviour

wrongdoing

violent or unlawful behavior

in the absence of

incentive, motive

children break the law in the absence of either incentive or motive

accidental and intuitive

accumulative effect of the environment

their acts are accidental and intuitive, signalling the accumulative effect of the environment where they grow up

in formative years

formative period

thời gian định hình tính cách

be subject to

subject to punishment/ retribution

be susceptible to

easily influenced or harmed by something

children in formative years are particularly susceptible to whom they meet and what they see in their daily lives

young people are susceptible to advertisements

be prone to

have a tendency to show sth negative

vulnerable to

the plants are vulnerable to diseases

reflect a mixed effects of

repeated exposure to violence

their violent acts are very likey to reflect a mixed effects of their repeated exposure to violence

negate the influence of media

parents should act as gatekeepers to prevent their children from watching too much tv and playing video games, therefore negating the influence of media

fulfill those duties

set a positive role model

it reveals that his or her parents have failed to fulfill those duties/ set a positive role model

replica

As children have the natural ability to imitate others, their violent or unlawful behavior is potentially a replica of their parents

fine/ poor upbringing

courtesy and professional etiquettes

children with fine upbringing normally show their courtesy and professional etiquettes in coping with real-life problems

delinquent (n, person)

discontent (n), discontented (adj)

content with (a), contentment (n)

have unhappy lives and felt discontented with their life circumstances

the stark contrast

there are several factors that account for the stark contrast between the two thoughts