Microbiology Final exam

Helminths are also known as:

worms

Which of the following microbes are prokaryotes? (select all that apply)

archea and bacteria

Streptococci

Round bacteria in long chains

Streptobacilli

Rod bacteria in long chains

Staphylococci

Round bacteria in irregular clusters

Diplococci

Two round bacteria

Spirochetes

spiral bacteria

Both gram positive and gram negative cell walls:

contains peptidoglycan

Which of the following is true about eukaryotic cell walls?

They hold the shape of the cell.

___________ are never found on eukaryotic cells.

pili

Which helminth is correctly described?

Trematodes are monoecious.

If an organism is a heterotroph and has chitin in its cell walls, then it must be:

a fungus.

A scolex

Attaches to the host tissue

Attachment

The virus binds to a host cell.

Penetration

The viral genome enters the host cell.

Biosynthesis

Capsomeres and copies of the viral genome are made.

Maturation

Virons are assembled.

Release

Virons exit the host cell.

A narrow range virus can infect:

Only one type of host cell.

Which diseases are caused by retroviruses? (select all that apply)

MMTV

AIDS

The protein product encoded by TACCCCGGGATT is:

Met-Gly-Pro

The codon AAA correlates to the amino acid:

Lysine

_______________ is not a naturally occuring bacterial enzyme.

reverse transcriptase

Which of the following is true about electrophoresis? (select all that apply)

The gel provides a matrix through which the DNA will move.

Operons affect enzyme activity by:

controlling enzyme production/synthesis.

Hypotonic solutions/media:

Have the higher concentration of solvent than the cells.

A(n) _________________ solution will have a __________________ of hydrogen ions compared to the concentration of hydroxide ions.

basic, low

During evolution, the first cells probably used _____________________ and released the waste product _______________.

photosynthesis, oxygen

Psychrophiles

10 degrees c

Psychrotrophs

22 degrees c

Mesophiles

37 degrees c

Thermophiles

60 degrees

Hyperthermophiles

95 degrees c

Broad spectrum antibiotics _______________.

Can affect several different groups of bacteria.

Which of the following reactions would be controlled by an inducible operon? (select all that apply)

Production of an enzyme that digests a rare nutrient.

Production of an enzyme that breaks down an antibiotic.

In complementary base pairing:

Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine.

When forming recombinant DNA:

Both of the DNA molecules must be cut with the same restriction enzyme.

The process of DNA sequencing is similar to ___________________.

PCR

At its optimal temperature, enzymes:

can perform induced fit

Which of the following is not a type of carbohydrate?

gaunine

Some complex media was made by mixing 1 liter of water and 3 grams of various amino acids.  Match the terms to the correct descriptions.

Complex media : solution

Water: solvent

Amino Acids: solute

A sample of bacteria demonstrates growth at 15 degrees C.  What is the possible temperature requirement for this bacteria?  (select all that apply)

psychrotoph

When oxygen is mixed with water it forms ___________

oxides

Which of the following is not true about carbon?

It is only important for the structure of proteins.

Rank the following microbes from most resistant (1) to least resistant (4).

1 Gram Negative Bacteria

2 Naked Viruses

3 Gram Positive Bacteria

4 Enveloped Viruses

Which is not true about heavy metals?

They disrupt membranes.

UV radiation is used to control microbial growth in all of the following except:

refrigerators

Which of the following is not a physical method of control?

alcohol

Efflux of the antibiotic would involve: 

protein pumps

Sulfanomides:

target enzymes

Natural selection cannot take place if _______________. (select all that apply)

All the individuals are clones.

There is no selective pressure.

Conjugation involves:

A pilis

Which of the following is true about specialized transduction?

It involves a lysogenic phage.

It involves the transfer of bacterial genes.

During PCR, the amount of DNA doubles

every cycle

List the steps of enzyme function in order.

1. Enzyme binds to the substrate.

2. Induced fit

3. Substrate is converted to product

4. Product is released from the enzyme

Match the carbohydrate metabolic pathway with the correct amount of ATP produced from one molecule of glucose.

Fermentation: 2 ATP

Aerobic Respiration: 38 ATP

Anaerobic Respiration: 36 ATP

Glycolysis produces: (select all that apply)

Pyruvate

Electron carriers

ATP

Match the macromolecule with the correct subunit.

Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides

Lipids: Fatty acids

Proteins: Amino acids

Nucleic acids: nucleotides

 

In which phase is the pH of the environment decreasing significantly? (select all that apply)

Death phase

stationary phase

___________________ use carbon dioxide as their source of carbon. (select all that apply)

Photoautotrophs

Chemoautotrophs

Peroxygens:

Are inactivated by catalase.

_____A_____ heat is more efficient because _______B________.

Moist, there are more molecules

Decreasing pH:

Has the same effect on bacteria as increasing pH.

What is required for antibiotic resistance to develop in a population of bacteria?

The bacteria must be exposed to the antibiotic.

Which reservoir is matched correctly with the disease?

Water and cholera

_________________ epidemiology uses drugs and placebos to determine the best treatment for a disease.

experimental

__________________ epidemiology is retrospective and describes what happened during an outbreak.

descriptive

During the ________________ of disease, the number of white blood cells changes.

illness period

Which of the following are symptoms of disease? (select all that apply)

Pain

Itching

Weakness

Nausea

Which of the following is true for droplet transmission? (Select all that apply.)

Uses the respiratory system as the portal of exit.

 

Involves a distance of less than 1 meter

Match the term

Acute: Strong signs and symptoms for a short time

Chronic: Low level of signs and symptom for a long time

Latent: No signs and symptoms for a period of time.

The _________________________ occurs before the prodromal period.

incubation period

R₀

Indicates how contagious a disease is.

Which exoenzyme is correctly described?

Kinase breaks down clots

Most pathogenic microbes have:

One preferred portal of entry

Predisposing factors:

Make a host more likely to develop a disease.

Put the following process in order:

1. Enter through the preferred portal of entry

2. Meet the ID50 for the microbe

3. Penetrate the host's defenses

4. Cause direct damage

5. Leave through the portal of exit

The purpose of your first line of defense is to:

prevents infection

Which of the following is true about macrophages?

 

They can release IL-1.

 All of the answers are correct.

 They can phagocytose microbes.

 They can signal the body to have a fever.

Which of the following is associated with the 3rd line of defense? (Select all that apply.)

Lymphocytes

Antibodies

Inflammation is a response to ______________.

tissue injury

Which of the following is not true about genetic shuffling?

it occurs during clonal expansion

Cell-mediated immune response is not involved in:

Fighting bacterial infections

Antigen presentation:

Is required to activate a T-helper cell.

Vaccination protects an individual from infections by:

producing memory cells

Which of the following is not true about neutralization?

It can be used to diagnose diseases

Which of the following is true about a precipitation reaction?

Requires antibody and antigen to be in a specific ratio

Match the type of hypersensitivity to the correct disorder.

Type I: Asthma

Type II: Blood transfusion reactions

Type IV: Contact dermatitis

For Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn to develop:

The mother has to have memory B-cells against the Rh factor.

Which of the following is not true about autoimmune disorders?

They can be cured