Module 1: Defining Information Technology (Lecture 1)

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts from Module 1's reading and lecture on Defining Information Technology.

Abstract

removing or isolating nonessential details of information to focus on the core idea or process.

Agent

A system or program that acts on behalf of a user or another system.

Algorithm

A precise, step-by-step procedure used to produce a specified result.

Properties of Algorithms

• Input Specified

• Output specified

• Definite

• Effective

• Finite

Cache

A small, fast storage area that holds recently used data to speed up future access.

Stored-program Computers

Computers that store instructions in memory so programs can be changed and executed.

Transistors

Small, low-power, reliable switches that replaced vacuum tubes; enabled smaller, cooler, and more powerful computers but required assembly.

Integrated Circuits

Chips with components printed as layers; wires and parts are printed onto the chip, allowing many connections in a small space.

Photolithography

Fabrication process utilizing light shown through a mask or negative used to pattern circuits on semiconductor material for ICs.

ARPANET

The forerunner of the Internet sent the first message in 1969. Used for emailing and file transfer.

Mosaic

The first widely used web browser. It allowed users to view multimedia content and navigate the World Wide Web easily.

The World Wide Web (WWW) and HTTP

A system of interlinked documents accessed via HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol); enables document retrieval and viewing on the Web.

Layered Software

Software organized in layers, where each layer builds on services from the layer below. The higher layer performs abstractions of the lower layer. For example, an operating system provides services to applications running on it.

Software Stack

The arrangement of software layers so higher layers rely on lower ones to operate.

First Personal Computing Machine

The first personal computing machine, Xerox’s Alto in 1973.

Mnemonic

A memory aid—a word or phrase used to help remember information. For example, 'Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away' helps remember the layers of the OSI model in networking. (Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application)

Operationally Attuned

Using knowledge of how a device works to simplify its use.

Processor

The CPU; the computer's brain that executes instructions.

Program

A sequence of instructions that a processor follows to perform tasks.

Software

All programs and related data that run on a computer.

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator)

The first general-purpose electronic digital computer, completed in 1945, that was used to compute artillery firing tables for the United States Army.