Ceutics II Quiz 3

Select all ionizable derivatives of cellulose.

carboxymethylcellulose

Epidermis is about ____ micrometers thick.

100

Diaper rash ointments are made of ____ bases.

c) hydrocarbon (fatty / oleaginous)

d) absorption

Select all derivatives of cellulose that hydrate in cold water under stirring.

c) carboxymethylcellulose

d) hydroxyethylcellulose

The best surrogate of human skin in in vitro experiments is ____ skin.

pig

Typical microneedles have the length between ____ and ____ millimeters.

lower limit: ____

upper limit: ____

lower limit ---- 0.1

upper limit ---- 1

Water-removable bases are based on ____ .

oily substances such as petrolatum or stearic acid

Which gelling agent is cross-linked using calcium salts?

alginates

Select all derivatives of cellulose that can be mixed with ethanol.

b) methylcellulose

d) hydroxypropylcellulose

Acrylic acid is the monomer for ____ .

carbomers

If the matrix itself is capable of holding the patch attached to skin, the patch is classified as ____ patch.

drug-in-adhesive

The most occlusive bases are the ____ bases.

hydrocarbon (fatty / oleaginous)

Stratum basale contains living cells.

True/False

True

Select all bases that are easily spreadable.

b) water-soluble

d) water-removable

The drug in rectal ointments does not undergo the first-pass hepatic elimination.

True/False

True

Water-removable bases contain more than ____ % of water.

45

Select all bases that provide at least some occlusiveness.

b) hydrocarbon (fatty / oleaginous)

d) absorption

Which gelling agent is produced from seaweed?

alginates

Yellow petrolatum belongs to the category of ____ bases.

hydrocarbon (fatty / oleaginous)

Which gelling agent exhibits increased viscosity with the increase in temperature?

poloxamers

Phonophoresis utilizes the ultrasound with ____ frequency.

1-MHz

Hydrous absorption bases are water-in-oil emulsions.

True/False

True

Hydrophilic petrolatum belongs to the category of ____ bases.

absorption

Select all possible mechanisms for drugs crossing the stratum corneum lipids.

c) lateral diffusion in the bilayers

d) trans-bilayer transport

The ____ ointments need to be sterile.

ophthalmic

The capillaries that are closest to the skin surface are found in ____ .

dermis

The drug in vaginal ointments does not undergo the first-pass hepatic elimination.

True/False

True

Select all derivatives of cellulose that are incompatible with ethanol.

a) carboxymethylcellulose

d) hydroxyethylcellulose

In the brick and mortar model of stratum corneum, what are the bricks and what is the mortar?

Column A: ____

Column B: ____

bricks ---- keratinized envelopes

mortar ---- lipid matrix

Magma denotes ____ .

two-phase gels

Fusion denotes ____ of ointment components.

melting together

Select the cells that are prevalent in viable epidermis.

keratinocytes

Stratum lucidum contains living cells.

True/False

True

Select all bases that can be used for hydrolyzable drugs.

hydrocarbon (fatty / oleaginous)

Select the requirements for vehicles used in trans-dermal devices.

c) intermediate, optimum solubility for the transported drug leading to dissolution but not confinement of drug molecules

d) low ionization of drugs in the vehicle medium

Methyl paraben is used in Carbomer Gel as ____ .

preservative

If the drug is dissolved in semi-solid matrix that does not require a membrane to be held in place, the patch is classified as ____ patch.

monolithic

The ____ bases are most frequently used.

water-removable

Methyl hydroxybenzoate is used in Sodium Alginate Gel Base as ____ .

preservative

Vanishing Cream belongs to the category of ____ bases.

water-removable

Select all advantages of transdermal patches.

a) steady flux

b) avoiding hepatic first-pass metabolism and GI problems

c) patient comfort and compliance

d) extended therapy with single application

All of the above

Select all processes involved in iontophoretic transdermal delivery.

a) the increase of water content in stratum corneum

b) electroosmotic flow

c) disruption of stratum corneum

d) repulsion of the charges of the same sign

All of the above

Adhesive can be found ____ of the patch.

b) at the diameter of the contact area

c) at the entire surface of the contact area

d) as a vehicle in the drug formulation

Ointments always contain an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient.

True/False

False

Hydrous lanolin belongs to the category of ____ bases.

absorption

Typical local effects of drugs and other chemicals on the surface of the skin include ____ . Select all applicable effects.

a) hydration

d) killing surface microorganisms

Hydrous lanolin contain some water and allows for incorporation of water to form an oil-in-water emulsion.

True/False

False

The OTC diaper rash ointment Aquapor is based on a(n) ____ base.

absorption

Select all bases that can be used in emollients.

a) absorption

b) water-removable

c) hydrocarbon (fatty / oleaginous)

Jet injectors fire the solid drug particles using compressed ____ gas.

helium

Hydrophilic ointment belongs to the category of ____ bases.

water-removable

Calcium citrate is used in Sodium Alginate Gel Base as ____ .

cross-linking agent

Polyethylene Glycol Ointment belongs to the category of ____ bases.

water-soluble

Keratinized envelopes in stratum corneum are permeable to most drugs.

True/False

False

If the drug is dissolved in liquid or gel vehicle, the patch is classified as ____ patch.

reservoir

Water-removable bases consist of ____ .

a) oily component

c) humectant

d) o/w surfactant

Confocal fluorescence microscopy can be used to track the movement of ____ drug molecules in the skin.

fluorescent

Propyl paraben is used in Carbomer Gel as ____ .

preservative

In ophthalmic applications, the ointments provide ____ than drops.

a) larger volume of the dose

b) lower clearance of the dosage form

c) extended residence time on the surface of the eye

Absorption bases consist of ____ .

a) fatty base

c) w/o surfactant

Dermis is ____ micrometers thick.

1000+

Soft petrolatum belongs to the category of ____ bases.

hydrocarbon (fatty / oleaginous)

Transdermal patches that contain a membrane separating the drug formulation from the skin exhibit ____ kinetics. Select all applicable mechanisms.

b) pseudo-first-order

c) Higuchi

Triethanolamine is used in Carbomer Gel as ____ .

neutralizing agent

Glycerin is used in Sodium Alginate Gel Base as ____ .

humectant

Sodium alginate is used in Sodium Alginate Gel Base as ____ .

gelling agent

Match the molecular-weight range with the consistency of the polyethylene glycols.

Column A: ____

Column B: ____

Column C: ____

colorless liquid ---- less than 600 g/mol

semi-solid ---- between 600 and 1000 g/mol

white, wax-like solid ---- more than 1000 g/mol

Soft petrolatum base consists of semi-solid hydrocarbons mixed with ____ % of mineral oil.

10

For the maximum rate of diffusion through the SC lipids, the drug needs to have the following magnitudes of properties.

Lipophilicity: ___

Ampiphilicity: ____

Cephalophilicity: ____

lipophilicity ---- intermediate

amphiphilicity ---- intermediate

cephalophilicity ---- intermediate

Carbomer 934 is used in Carbomer Gel as ____ .

gelling agent

Single-phase gels are more stable than two-phase gels.

True/False

True

Practically each drug can be formulated for transdermal delivery using a patch.

True/False

False

Stratum corneum contains living cells.

True/False

False

Which gelling agents need to be used in the highest concentrations?

poloxamers

Stratum granulosum contains living cells.

True/False

True

Yellow petrolatum consists of the hydrocarbons containing more than ____ carbons.

25

Select all bases that have good washability.

a) water-removable

c) water-soluble

Trans-dermal flux is proportional to ____ . Select all factors that apply.

a) diffusion coefficient in the SC lipids

b) drug concentration in the vehicle

c) the partition coefficient SC lipids/vehicle

Select all mechanisms by which penetration enhancers speed up the transdermal absorption.

a) creation of the pools in the bilayer

c) lipid extraction

d) insertion of the enhancer in the core or headgroup regions of the bilayers

Transdermal patches that contain the drug formulation forming a direct contact with the skin exhibit ____ kinetics. Select all applicable mechanisms.

zero-order

Most drugs are transported through stratum corneum via ____ route.

paracellular

Select all mechanisms by which penetration enhancers speed up the transdermal absorption.

c) insertion of the enhancer in the core or headgroup regions of the bilayers

d) keratin denaturation

Select all mechanisms by which penetration enhancers speed up the transdermal absorption.

b) lipid extraction

c) creation of the pools in the bilayer

d) insertion of the enhancer in the core or headgroup regions of the bilayers

White petrolatum belongs to the category of ____ bases.

hydrocarbon (fatty / oleaginous)

Hydrophilic petrolatum does not contain water but allows for incorporation of water to form an oil-in-water emulsion.

True/False

False

Trans-dermal flux is inversely proportional to ____ . Select all factors that apply.

thickness of the barrier

Water-soluble bases are based on ___ .

polyethylene glycols