Immune Intervention

Natural passive immune

Transfer of Ig by breastmilk

Natural active immune

Recovery from illness

Artificial passive immune

From antibody of anti-venom etc

Artificial active immune

From vaccine

Inactivated vaccine characteristic

Give to people with weak immune, needs several doses, virus CANNOT replicate

Inactivate vaccine examples

Polio, influenza, rabies

Inactivated vaccine process

Inactive Virus replicate into antigen → Displayed on cell surface → Antibody production

Live vaccine characteristic

May not need additional dose/booster shot

Live vaccine example

Measle, mump, MMR, chickenpox

Process of live vaccine creation

Live virus enter cell → replicate in host cell → Weak virus that induce immune response

What are subunit vaccine

Polysacc, conjugate and protein based

Process of subunit vaccines

Viral protein displayed as antigen → APC trigger immune response

What are protein vaccine

Mixed with adjuvant immune system stimulator to cause immune response without virus

What are polysacc/conjugate vaccine

Conjugate added to polysaccharide of virus for recognition

What are toxoid vaccine

Bacteria that are non-toxic, will not make you sick

Process of toxoid vaccine

Toxoid + adjuvant release into body → Cannot bind to cells like toxin → Trigger immune response similar to bacterial toxin → APC binding → Antibody production

Recombinant vaccine process

DNA virus with viral surface proteins injected → Vaccine taken up by APC and displayed as antigen → Immune helper cells identify and trigger response

What are viral vector vaccines

Harmless virus to deliver to host cell by capsule

Process of viral vector vaccine

Viral vector fuses with cell membrane and release genetic code → cell makes target protein → APC detection

How do viral vector vaccine create immunity

Immune cell trigger immune response → B cell make antibody → Antibody kill target cell → Memory cells created → Real infected cells are destroyed

DNA vaccines process

Electroporation create pores to increase DNA uptake to cell

RNA vaccine process

RNA encased in lipid coat to enter cell

What are adjuvant

Ingredient to enhance immune response, prolong release of antigen, innate immune stimulation; alum; not needed in live vaccine

Why are booster shots good

Increase antibody affinity, maintain level of antibody, expand/help maintain memory

Vaccine contraindication

Severe allergy to vaccine and component; severe immunodef; pregnancy and immunosuppression

Precaution of vaccine

Presence of moderate/severe acute illness; live vaccine should not be given to recipient of antibody containing blood products

Polio vaccines

Inactive (IPV) and live oral (OPV); IPV is preferred

What type of vaccine used for hepatitis B

Recombinant subunit

What type of vaccine used for pneumococcal polysaccharide

Subunit

Vaccine induced pathology

Immunization does not equal protection against infection; immune response to pathogen can sometimes be more severe with immunization; caused by antibody that bind to virus but not block entry or poor specificity

What is passive immunization

Immunity from immune component; immunity is immediate but transient and short lived

Passive immunization example

Human rabies IgG and anti-tetanus toxin IgG

Biological mediators

Modify severity of infection and prevent long term complication; reduce viral replication

What are used to reduce viral replication in chronic viral infection

IFN type I

Cytokine function as biological mediator

Improve immune status by releasing GM-CSF, augment intracellular bactericidal function