KAMSC Biomedical Sciences Semester 1

The main function of stratified squamous epithelium is

protection

If the arrector pili muscles stay contracted for several minutes, we would assume the person is:

cold

The layer of skin that contains dead skin cells filled with keratin is the

stratum corneum

What is the Merkel cell for?

touch receptor

The principle cell found in bone tissue is called

osteocyte

The primary function of hair is for

protection

What is an oncogene?

a gene that causes cancer

To which of the following tissues does cartilage belong? -muscle, connective, epithelial, nervous, areolar

connective

The flat, single layered tissue which allows for diffusion to occur is

simple squamous epithelium

Tissue that functions in support and protection of body organs, stores energy, and provides immunity is

connective tissue

The layer of the epidermis that is capable of continued cell division is

stratum basale

Smooth muscle is located in

blood vessels

All of the following are secretory products of exocrine glands EXCEPT

\-digestive enzymes, mucus, hormones, salvia, oil

hormones

The cells that are responsible for producing skin color are

melanocytes

Perspiration is the substance produced by

sudoriferous glands

Mast cells produce

histamine

Where is the langerhans cells located?

stratum spinosum

The outermost layer of the skin is the

epidermis

Which of the following has the poorest capacity for repair and renewal? -nervous tissue, epithelium, bone tissue, skeletal muscle

nervous tissue

The different types of epithelia are named according to

cell shape and arrangement of layers

Which of these types of epithelium would be most useful for diffusion and osmosis? -simple cuboidal, transitional, simple columnar, simple squamous

simple squamous

Which of these is NOT a general feature of epithelial tissue? -high renewal and cell division, avascular, loosely arranged cells, nerve supply

loosey arranged cells

The protein that helps protect and waterproof the skin and underlying cells is

keratin

All of the following cells can be found in connective tissue EXCEPT-glial cells, plasma cell, fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells

glial cells

Explain what a tumor suppressor gene and an oncogene are. Describe how they are related to cancer. Include the terms mutation and cell cycle in your answer.

A tumor suppressor gene is a gene that turns off cellular division and stops the cell cycle. A proto-oncogene is a gene that causes cellular division to begin and start the cell cycle. The parts of the cell cycle that mainly concern cancer are the G1, G2, and M phases, because these are the phases where checkpoints occur. During the G1 checkpoint, the cell checks that it has enough nutrients and that it is a sufficient size for cellular division. At the G2 checkpoint, the cell checks for proper DNA replication. This is where p53, a tumor suppressor, can stop the cell cycle and have other enzymes fix the DNA error or cause the cell to undergo apoptosis. If p53 is mutated, then the cell cannot stop the cycle from continuing and incorrect DNA is passed onto the daughter cells after mitosis. In general, when tumor suppressor genes are mutated, the cell cycle cannot be stopped and uncontrolled cell growth occurs. It is like the brakes are broken in a car and the car just cannot stop. This leads to a buildup of cells called a tumor and cancer. When proto-oncogenes are mutated, they become oncogenes and the cell is always told that is is ready to divide. Proto-oncogenes are responsible for telling the cell to continue onto the next phase at the G1 checkpoint, and oncogenes always tell the cell to keep going. It is like the person driving the car is pushing on the accelerator and the car just cannot slow down. This also leads to a buildup of cells and cancer. During the M phase checkpoint, the cell checks to see if the chromatids are properly attached to the mitotic spindle before anaphase, where the chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. If the cell cannot properly determine if the chromatids are attached properly, then the caught cells will end up with uneven sets of chromosomes and this can lead to cancer. Mutations of important genes like tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes lead to cancer because these genes cannot perform their proper functions and stop the cell from going haywire. Potential treatments for cancer include chemotherapy and radiation and a surgery to remove the tumor. However, if metastasis has already occurred and the cancer has spread out of the tumor and into other parts of the body, surgery is not an option to remove the cancer.

The formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water. This is called:

dehydration synthesis

The type of lipid found in sex hormones is

steroids

An organ is one organizational step lower than a(n):

system

The smallest living units of structure and function in the body are

cells

When amino acids combine, what type of bond is created?

peptide bond

Which of these is a polymer made from an amino acid?

polypeptide

Caffeine works by blocking \____ receptors

adenosine

-can form a hydrogen bond, must be ionic, has an unequal charge, can form a hydrogen bond and has an unequal charge

can form a hydrogen bond and has an unequal charge

Which of the following includes all of the other words? -glycogen, monosaccharide, starch, carbohydrate

carbohydrate

Certain hormones such as estrogens and testosterone are classified as

lipids

Carbohydrates are used primarily for

energy

When monomers must combine to form long chains, what must occur?

water is removed

Energy needed for chemical reactions in the body is provided by the breakdown of

ATP

Hydrolysis

joins compounds by adding a water molecule (but shouldn't it be breaks compounds by adding a water molecule?)

A plane through the body that would divide the body into anterior and posterior portions is

coronal

What type of molecule is this?

nucleic acid

What type of molecule is this?

lipids

Which of the following molecules contains the sugar ribose?

RNA

A plane through the body that would divide the body into right and left sides is called

sagittal

An enzyme is a type of

protein

Which neurotransmitter is released when opioid receptors are activated?

dopamine

The basic building blocks of fats are

fatty acids and glycerol

What type of molecule is this?

protein

Homeostasis can best be described as

a state of relative constancy

A structural lipid found in the cell membrane is a -triglyceride, phospholipid, steroid, both a phospholipid and a steroid

both a phospholipid and a steroid

Alkaloids are compounds that typically contain

nitrogen

Which of these is a monomer of a nucleic acid?

nucleotide

DNA

is the hereditary molecule

From smallest to largest, the levels of organization of the body are

chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism

Peptide bonds join together molecules of

amino acids

The element that is present in all proteins but not in carbohydrates is

nitrogen

Proteins are composed of \___ commonly occurring amino acids

20

Humans have similar right and left sides of the body, at least superficially. This is an example of:

bilateral symmetry

Which of the following is NOT one of the four main elements that make up the human body? -oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, sodium

sodium

Humans can synthesize 12 of 20 basic amino acids; the remaining 8, which must be included in the diet, are called

essential amino acids

What type of molecule is this?

carbohydrate

Metabolism refers to

the sum of all the physical and chemical reactions occurring in the body

The backbone of organic molecules is formed by

carbon

The most concentrated source of energy in the body is

glycogen

All statements about enzymes are true EXCEPT

they are used up

Once a protein loses its normal shape and is no longer able to perform normal functions, this non-working protein is said to be

denatured

The plane which divides the individual into upper and lower parts is the

transverse plane

The enzyme lactase catalyzes the chemical reaction that changes lactose to

glucose and galactose

The building blocks of carbohydrates are

monosaccharides

This compound is derived from the opium poppy

morphine

Polysaccharides can be broken down into simple sugars by the process of

catabolism or hydrolysis

What are the characteristics of a hydrophilic molecule?

dissolves in water

Which of these responses are considered positive feedback? -lactation, sweating, fever, blood pressure

lactation and fever

What view of the body is this?

anterior

Which of these elements is present in the human body in fairly large quantities?

-carbon, water, helium iron

carbon

What system is this?

cardiovascular

What type of cut is this?

sagittal

What system is this?

endocrine

What type of cut is this?

transverse

Which of these is NOT a type of body tissue?

\-nervous, epithelial, reproductive

reproductive

Another name for the distal phalange is the

fingertip

The heart is \___ to the liver

superior

What is dopamine?

a neurotransmitter

Aspirin specifically does what in the body?

inhibits the COX-2 enzyme

What type of protein structure is pictured here?

quaternary

Many poisons, toxins, and even medicines are

enzyme inhibitors

What is a substrate?

the object that the enzyme binds with

A lipid that has 4 interlocking rings is called a

sterol

The OH functional group is called

the hydroxyl group

What is the molecule pictured here called?

cholestrol

Which of these statements is NOT true of prostaglandins? -relieve pain, regulate inflammation, are classified as sterols

relieve pain

Which of the following statements is NOT true about saturated fats? -they are considered lipids, they have double bonds, they are solid at room temperature, they are hydrophobic

they have double bonds

The primary function of proteins is

structure

Since plants don't contain fat for long term storage, what do they use instead?

starch

All of the following are properties of water except: -excellent solvent, can participate in chemical reactions, absorbs heat very quickly, serves as a lubricant

absorbs heat very quickly

To prevent drastic changes in pH, the body uses

buffer systems

When monomers combine to form long chains, what must occur?

water is removed

The bond between water molecules such as in ice crystals is called

hydrogen bond

The pH of blood is

7.35-7.45

The storage form of glucose in the liver and muscles is

glycogen