Anthropology Test Ontario

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Chimpanzees

Primates closely resembling humans, sharing behaviors like social hierarchy and tool-making.

Social Hierarchy

A system of organization within a group, seen in both humans and chimpanzees.

Tool Making

The ability to create and use tools, a behavior shared by both humans and chimpanzees.

FOXP2 Gene

A gene associated with language and speech; its presence in modern humans is estimated to have first appeared over 200,000 years ago.

Mitochondrial Eve

The most recent common matrilineal ancestor of all currently living humans, supporting the 'out of Africa' model.

Out of Africa Model

A theory suggesting that modern humans evolved in Africa and migrated out to populate the rest of the world.

Natural Selection

Nature’s process that preserves advantageous traits that aid survival and reproduction.

Anatomical Features

Physical traits used by paleontologists to compare humans and chimpanzees, such as brain size and bipedalism.

Genetic Similarity

Humans share 98-99% of their genetic material with chimpanzees.

Bipedalism

The ability to walk on two legs, a significant feature distinguishing humans from many other primates.

Skull Measurements

A method used by scientists to track evolutionary changes and support the 'out of Africa' model.

Denisovans

An extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans closely related to Neanderthals, known from fossil evidence.

Brain Plasticity

The ability of the brain to adapt and change throughout life, influencing human survival and learning.

Archaic DNA

Genetic material inherited from ancient ancestors, affecting modern human traits and disease susceptibility.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

DNA located in mitochondria, inherited solely from the mother, crucial for studying human evolution.

Evolution

The process by which organisms adapt and change over time in response to environmental pressures.

Cerebellum

A brain region associated with movement and coordination, which has evolved significantly over time.

Neanderthals

An extinct group of hominids that coexisted with early humans; their extinction is partly attributed to competition.

Coevolution

The process where two or more species influence each other's evolution, noted in relationships between early humans and other hominids.

Isotopic Analysis

A method used to analyze the composition of elements in ancient artifacts, providing insight into their origins.

Cognitive Input

The mental processes involved in understanding and communicating complex information.

Prostitution

The practice of engaging in sexual activity in exchange for money or other valuables.

Sex Work

Engaging in sexual activities for compensation, encompassing various forms such as prostitution and escort services.

Rudyard Kipling

Victorian writer who coined the phrase ‘the world’s oldest profession’ in his short story 'On the City Wall' (1898).

The Code of Hammurabi

One of the first known written records that included provisions to protect the rights of prostitutes, dating back to 1771 BCE.

Cultural Norms

Socially determined values that dictate how prostitution is viewed and managed in different societies.

Solon

The great Athenian legislator who legalized prostitution in 594 BCE and implemented state measures to protect marriage.

Street Prostitution

A type of prostitution where individuals work on the streets, often involving younger, more vulnerable individuals.

Hotel Prostitution

A systemic form of prostitution typically involving prearranged meetings in hotel rooms.

Escort Services

A more financially lucrative form of prostitution that often provides a seemingly safer environment.

Human Trafficking

The illegal trade of humans for the purposes of forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation.

Lesbianism/Bisexuality in Sex Work

Research shows a higher incidence of sexual fluidity among those engaged in the sex trade compared to the general population.

Comfort Battalions

Militarized brothels created to serve Japanese soldiers during World War II, involving the forced prostitution of women.

Prison Hierarchy

An unwritten social structure in prisons that influences inmate interactions, resource allocation, and status among inmates.

Food as Currency

Inmates use food to trade and barter, symbolizing value and power within the prison environment.

Gang Life

The formation of gangs within prisons that can determine social alliances, power dynamics, and protection among inmates.

Territorial Behavior

A characteristic of inmates where they protect their claimed areas and resources, often leading to disputes.

Violence as a Social Ladder

Fights between inmates that can elevate one’s status in the social hierarchy through displays of strength.

Scapegoating

The psychological mechanism where inmates project their pain and anger onto a common enemy, such as sex offenders.

Sociological Explanation of Despise

Many inmates relate to the humanity of their peers, understanding the impact of victimization, but target certain individuals as scapegoats.

Prison Norms

Rules of behavior that govern inmate interactions, including eye contact rules and other survival skills.

Provincial vs. Federal System

Differences in prison rules, programs, and inmate treatment based on whether the facility is under provincial or federal jurisdiction.

Piper Kerman

Author of 'Orange is the New Black,' which highlights the realities of prison life and culture.

Creation Ex Nihilo

Creation is through the thought, word, dream, or bodily secretions of a divine being.

Earth Diver

A myth where a diver, usually a bird or amphibian, plunges into the sea to bring up sand or mud that develops into a terrestrial world.

Emergence Myths

Stories where ancestors or the first of one’s kind pass through a series of worlds and metamorphoses until reaching the present world.

Dismemberment of a Primordial Being

A creation myth category where the dismemberment of a primordial being leads to the growth of new life.

Splitting Ordering of a Primordial Unity

A myth involving the cracking of a cosmic egg or bringing order from chaos.

Genesis

The first book of the Bible that contains creation stories central to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Monotheism

Belief in only one god, as seen in many creation stories of the Abrahamic religions.

Polytheism

Belief in more than one god, often contrasted with Monotheism.

Natural Selection

The process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

Fossil Record

The total number of fossils discovered and the information they provide about the history of life on Earth.

Taung Child

One of the first early human fossils discovered, significant for evidence of bipedalism in early humans.

Scopes Trial

A 1925 legal case in which a teacher was tried for violating Tennessee's Butler Act by teaching evolution.

Bipedalism

The ability to walk upright on two legs, a key characteristic of early human ancestors.

Lucy

The most complete hominid skeleton discovered, demonstrating early bipedal traits and shared ancestry with modern humans.

Primatology

The study of non-human members of the order of mammals, including a wide range of animals from small nocturnal creatures to gorillas.

Historical linguistics

The study of language change over time and how languages are related.

Participant observation

A method where cultural anthropologists learn about culture by spending a long time living with the people they study.

Non-Material Culture

Includes all learned behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values, and ideals of a particular society or population.

Material Culture

Physical objects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture.

Prostitution

A subculture that has existed in nearly every civilization throughout recorded human history.

The Code of Hammurabi

One of the first known written records concerning prostitution.

Social hierarchy

A system that determines nearly everything in prison subculture.

People who commit crimes against children

Considered the most despised, lowest ranking inmates in prison subculture.

Chimpanzees

According to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, human beings can trace their ancestry back to these animals.

Archaeology

The study of ancient and recent human past through material remains.

HMS Beagle

The ship that Charles Darwin sailed on to the Galapagos Islands.

Neanderthals

An extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago.

FOXP2

The gene that plays a role in the human ability to develop speech and language.

Mummified animals at Saqqara

Signify that the Ancient Egyptians worshipped many animal deities.

Ethiopia

The country where 'Lucy', the Australopithecus afarensis fossil, was found.

Relative Dating

A dating technique that uses the surrounding items to date a particular item.

Oxygen Isotope Analysis

A method that discovered that King Tut’s brooch is made from glass.

Carbon 14

Atoms contained in all living things, with a half-life of 5700.

Punnett Squares

Used to examine the genotypical outcome probabilities of offspring from parental traits.

Rooting Interest Theory

A theory that explains how people identify with certain contestants or groups over others in reality TV.

Finland

The country that uses 'open prisons' for rehabilitation and smooth reentry into society.

Scope Monkey Trial

A major historical case that highlighted the controversy surrounding evolution in education.

Gregor Mendel

Discovered the basic principles of heredity and laid the mathematical foundation of genetics.

Thermoluminescence

A type of archaeological dating with an error range of 5 to 15%.