TDT4175 Information Systems

Transaction Processing System (TPS)

An operational-level system that captures and processes raw data from day-to-day business activities (e.g., payroll, point-of-sale). Focuses on efficiency/accuracy.

Management Information System (MIS)

A tactical-level system that aggregates TPS data to produce routine scheduled reports for middle managers to monitor performance.

Decision Support System (DSS)

A tactical/strategic system that helps solve semi-structured or unstructured problems using models, "what-if" analysis, and simulations.

Executive Support System (ESS)

A strategic-level system for senior executives that presents high-level dashboards and structured info for long-term decisions.

Supply Chain Management (SCM)

Manages flow of goods/data from supplier to consumer. Key functions: logistics, inventory optimization, procurement.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

Manages interactions with customers (marketing, sales, support) to improve loyalty and retention.

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

Integrated software modules managing core business processes (Finance, HR, Manufacturing) in a single system to ensure data consistency.

Data

Raw facts and figures (e.g., "ID: 123", "Price: $50").

Information

Processed data with context and meaning (e.g., "Order #123 confirmed", "Inventory Low").

Knowledge

Insights/understanding applied to action (e.g., "Identifying fraud patterns", "Adjusting logistics based on delay history").

Explicit Knowledge

Objective knowledge that can be codified in manuals, reports, or databases.

Tacit Knowledge

Subjective, experiential knowledge difficult to document (e.g., intuition, skills).

BPMN Pool

Represents a distinct participant or organization (e.g., "Credit Card Company").

BPMN Lane

Represents a specific department or role *within* a pool (e.g., "Sales Dept" inside "Amazon").

Syntactic Error (BPMN)

Violation of language rules (e.g., Message flow inside a pool, Sequence flow crossing pools, no outgoing flow).

Semantic Error (BPMN)

Logical error where the model doesn't match the real-world case (e.g., Missing a step, wrong gateway logic).

Business Process Reengineering (BPR)

Radical redesign of processes to achieve dramatic improvements. Used for major overhauls.

Continuous Improvement

Small, incremental changes to existing processes to improve efficiency over time.

Radical Innovation

Creating entirely new paradigms/products that replace old ones (e.g., Drone delivery vs Trucks).

Incremental Innovation

Enhancing existing products/processes (e.g., Warehouse robots).

TOGAF 4 Architecture Domains

1. Business Architecture 2. Data Architecture 3. Application Architecture 4. Technical Architecture.

Event Log (Process Mining)

Data structure required for process mining containing: Case ID, Activity Name, Timestamp.

Process Discovery

Extracting a process model automatically from an event log without prior knowledge.

SEQUAL: Syntactic Quality

The model adheres to the grammar/rules of the language.

SEQUAL: Semantic Quality

Validity (correct statements) and Completeness (all relevant statements).

SEQUAL: Pragmatic Quality

Comprehension; the audience understands the model.

B2B E-Commerce

Business to Business (e.g., Industrial suppliers).

B2C E-Commerce

Business to Consumer (e.g., Amazon).

C2C E-Commerce

Consumer to Consumer (e.g., eBay, Finn.no).

Big Data 4 Vs

Volume, Velocity, Variety, Veracity.

Lewin's Change Model

Unfreezing (Prepare), Moving (Change), Refreezing (Institutionalize).