Nature and Characteristics Final

3 stages of prenatal development

Zygote, embro, fetus

Zygote

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

Embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

• at 4 weeks is only 1/4 inch long, but many body structures have begun to form

• at 7th week, it is less than one inch and weighs one ounce; body structures and internal organs are more distinct

Fetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

Cephalocaudal

physical development from head to toe i.e. turning and lifting the head, sitting up, standing up, all before walking

Proximodistal

physical development from middle, outward. (chest and trunk develop first) Gross motor skills before fine motor skills (arm movement before hand and finger movements)

full term pregnancy

38-40 weeks

age of viability

the age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth (22-26 weeks)

Prenatal environmental influences

• Inherited hazards

• Maternal hazards

• Ingested Hazards

Inherited hazards

• Chromosomal defects

• Genetic disorders

• Metabolic disorders

Maternal Hazards

• Radiation

• Infectious disease (like Rubella and HIV)

• Bacterial and parasitic disease

• Emotional stress

• RH incompatibility

• Nutrition

• Exercise

• Toxemia or Eclampsia

• Diabetes

Ingested Hazards

• Prescription or nonprescription drugs

• Illegal drugs

• Tobacco

• Alcohol

• Environmental pollution

neonate

a newborn baby, up to 4 weeks old

stage 1 of birth

dilation and effacement

stage 2 of birth

pushing and birth of baby

stage 3 of birth

delivery of placenta

Apgar scale

a standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns (appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration)

• Measured at:

  • 1 min- how well baby tolerated birth process

  • 5 min- how well baby is tolerating its new environment

reflexes

reveal health of the baby's nervous system

Palmar Grasp

An infant reflex that occurs when something is placed in the infant's palm; the infant grasps the object.

Moro reflex

Infant reflex where a baby will startle in response to a loud sound or sudden movement.

Babinski reflex

Infant reflex where if its foot is stroked, the baby's toes fan out

Stepping reflex

a neonatal reflex in which an infant lifts first one leg and then the other in a coordinated pattern like walking

Purpose of crying

1. communication

2. ensures baby receives care and protection needed to survive

Causes of crying

1. Physical needs such as hunger, cold, sudden noise, pain

2. Caused by the sound of another baby crying

Facts about crying

1. Increases during early weeks, peaks at about 6 weeks then declines

2. Sometimes associated with child abuse

Modes of Learning

5 senses

Neonate to 1 month

• mostly sleeps

• attempts to track

• movement is mostly reflexive (does lift head some, and rolls head from side to side)

• Tight wraps

• Skin to skin touch

• Prefers high pitched tones

• Facial imitations

• Hand discovery

• Pre-reaching; reaching with feet

Tummy Time

learn to use arms, strengthens muscles

Adult role with play

Value play and talk to children about their play, play with children, create a playful atmosphere, provide new experiences, intervene to ensure safety

Western preschoolers become _______ with night time rituals.

Rigid

When do most preschoolers stop napping?

Between ages 3 and 4

BUT still need quiet play time or rest time after lunch to rejuvenate

Most 4-6 year-olds sleep ________ hours

10 to 11

Role of Adults in Play

1. Value play and talk to children about their play

2. Play with children

3. Create a playful atmosphere

4. Provide new experiences

5. Intervene to ensure safe play

Cooperative play

1. Playing with others

2. Involves working towards a common goal or being part of a make believe theme

Associative play

1. More social

2. Still engaged in separate activities, but there is interaction with the exchange of materials and language

Parallel play

1. Beside others

2. Often with similar materials

3. Lack of influence on each other

4. No interaction

Solitary Play

1. Playing alone not paying attention to anyone else

2. Maybe unoccupied

3. May watch and observe others

4. Onlooker

Stages of Play

• solitary

• parallel

• associative

• cooperative

Sensorimotor/functional Play

1. Use objects in representations

2. Usually involves cooperation

Pretend/symbolic Play

1. Representation

• Carry out action plans

• Take on roles

• Transform objects

2. Express ideas and feelings

3. Role identity

Sociodramatic Play

1. Use objects in representations

2. Usually involves cooperation

Construction Play

Use objects to symbolize or to create model situations related to their experiences and prior knowledge

Rough and Tumble Play

1. Usually noisy

2. Adults tend to worry

3. Needs to be monitored

4. Aids physical development

Games with Rules

1. Formal games with peers by age five or older

2. Advances into more logic and socialization

3. Prominent form of play during middle childhood

4. Competition

Types of Play

1. Constructive play

2. Games with rules

3. Pretend/symbolic play

4. Rough and tumble play

5. Sensorimotor/functional play

6. Sociodramatic play

Benefits of play

1. Discover and learn about the world

2. Develops imagination and creativity

3. Learn problem solving

4. Enhances language development

5. Fosters the development of mathematical concepts

6. Enhances self-esteem

7. Enhances self-direction

8. Fosters curiosity

Principle 3 in DAP

Play is an important vehicle for children's social, emotional, and cognitive development as well as a reflection of their development.

Preschooler Emotional Development

1. Can better understand and better regulate the expression of emotions

2. Can correctly judge the causes of many basic emotions

3. Devise effective ways to relieve others' negative feelings

4. A secure attachment to mother promotes healthier expression of emotions

5. Empathy and sympathy

6. Child blunts the impact of emotions by restricting sensory input, talking to self, or changing goal.

Preschooler: Social Development

1. Between ages 2 and 6 first friendships form

2. Erickson's theory (Initiative vs. guilt)

3. Self-concept

4. Self-esteem

Preschooler: Cognitive Development

Piaget's Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)

• egocentric thinking

• animistic thinking

• magical thinking

• increase in mental representations

• Vygotsky: Speech is the foundation of higher cognitive processes (private speech; talk internalizes)

• Information processing (attention, memory)

What triggers sleepwalking and night terrors?

Stress, sleep deprivation, or extreme fatigue.

** tend to run in families, suggesting a genetic connection

Characteristics of sleep terrors

panic stricken; scream, thrash, speak incoherently, sharp rise in heart rate and breathing, initially unresponsive to parental attempts of comfort

___% of preschool-aged children experience sleep terrors.

3

What to do when a child is sleepwalking?

1. Gently awaken them

2. Return them to bed

___% of preschoolers are frequent sleepwalkers

4

Approximately ____ of 3 to 6 year olds experience nightmares.

half

Most co-sleeping Western children generally ask to sleep in their own bed by age ___ or ___

6 or 7

What are two causes of night time woes?

1. Fear

2. Lack of parental limits

Infant 2 to 3 months

• Voluntary movements (but generally hands and feet move together)

• Smiles and coos back to sounds gurgles and coos as a sign of pleasure

• Searching for sounds

• Uses mouth to explore

Infant 3 to 4 months

• anticipates being lifted

• Holds head up

• Hands generally open

• Protests when left alone

• Expresses pleasure when others are around

• Ulnar grasp (holding objects by pressing fingers against the palm)

Infant 4 to 5 months

• Hand discovery has changed

• Starts making consonant sounds (n, k, p, g, b)

• Able to turn over (stomach to back first)

• More social

• Demands attention

• Laughs and squeals

Infant 5 to 6 months

• Recognizes familiar objects

• Shows preference for certain toys

• Tells faces apart

• Smiling and responding to others

• More control of head and neck

• Starts to actively communicate

Infant 6 to 7 months

• Begins to chew

• Opens mouth for spoon differently than for a bottle

• Razzing sounds

• Holds objects between index and thumb

• Transfers objects

Infant 7 to 8 months

• Responds to name

• Begins to feed self

• Holds cup by handle

• Creeps

• Pushes up on knees and rocks

• Army crawls

Infant 8 to 9 months

• Insists on feeding self

• Achieves object permanence

• Claps and waves

• Twists and turns

• Rolls easily

• Beginning to crawl

• Pincer grasp

Infant 10 to 12 months

• Repeats simple words

• Mama/Dada

• Cruises

Toddlerhood

1-2 years of age

1-yr-old Toddler Physical Development

Grows 2-3 inches a year

• Height is 50% greater than at birth

• Weight has tripled

• Muscle tissue slowly increases

• New tooth every month or two

• Throws toys but it is an over-handed push

• Crawls up and down stairs on all fours

• Has difficulty siting in a chair, prefers to sit on the floor

2-yr-old Toddler Physical Development

Grows 3-5 inches a year

1. Height is 75% greater than at birth

2. Weight has quadrupled

3. Muscle tissue continues to increase slowly

4. About 20 teeth

5. Throws ball under-handed

6. Climbs stairs but one step at a time

7. Crawls into a chair, turns around, then sits down

Toddler Toilet Learning

1. Best if delayed until the end of the second or the beginning of the third year.

2. Have to feel the signals and be able to wait.

3. Signs of readiness

4. Regular toileting routine

5. Gentle encouragement and praising efforts

Toddler Cognitive Development

1. Become self-assertive and purposeful

2. Can solve simple problems

3. Starts to master language (Cognitive Necessity #1)

4. Still in Piaget's sensorimotor stage

5. Mental Representations (Cognitive Necessity #2) lead to make-believe play.

6. Perception (Cognitive Necessity #3)

7. Attention (Cognitive Necessity #4)

8. Memory (Cognitive Necessity #5)

9. Categorization (Cognitive Necessity #6)

Infantile amnesia

the inability to retrieve memories from before age 3

• Why? -- They don't have the language skills to set it into a narrative to remember it, their brains are also immature

Toddler Emotional and Social Development

1. Egocentric

2. Trust vs. Mistrust

3. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

4. Property Rights

5. Begins to show empathy

6. Frustration tantrums (peak during year 2)

7. Helpfulness

8. Ritualistic

9. Imaginary Friend

10. Dress-up (especially likes to imitate parents)

Preschooler

ages 3 through 5

Preschooler: Physical Development

• Grows 2 to 3 inches per year

• Gains 3 to 5 pounds per year

• Longer and leaner

• Body fat declines

• Torso lengthens to accommodate internal organs

• Spine strengthens

• Gross motor skills: center of gravity shifts downward; catches and throws a ball

• Fine motor: Puts puzzles together, enables self-care tasks, drawing and writing

Factors Affecting Preschooler's Physical Growth

1. Emotional Well-Being

2. Restful sleep

3. Good nutrition

4. Freedom from disease

5. Physical safety

Which hormone is released during sleep?

growth hormone; it enables a child to better play, learn, and contribute to a group

Sleep _________ overtime

declines

Most 2-3 year olds sleep ________ hours.

12 to 13