Chapter 6: The Duel for North America (1608-1763)

Huguenots

French Protestants who followed Calvinist teachings and faced intense persecution in Catholic France

• Edict of Nantes in mark of 17th century granted by Henry IV for religious freedom

• Revocation of the Edict in late 17th century by Louis XIV leading to severe persecution

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

The height of the Huguenots’ persecution was the ? in the late 16th century

• thousands of Huguenots died

populating, South Carolina

The Huguenots were pivotal in ? the English colonies, especially in ?

Jesuits

A part of the Roman Catholic order known for their dedication to education and missionary work, mostly active from the 16th-17th centuries

• Founded by Ignatius of Loyola

• aka the Society of Jesus

missions, schools, convert

Jesuits were critical in establishing ? and ? throughout the Americas

• they also tried to ? Native Americans

New France, Maryland, geographers

Jesuits created many establishments, but the two most notable locations were ? and ?

• they were vital as ? for their mapping skills

Salutary Neglect

A British policy during the 18th century characterized by relaxed enforcement of English laws in the American colonies

• helped build a spirit of independence in the colonies

economic, political, independence, self-governance

Due to salutary neglect, there was minimal colonial interference from Britain leading to the colonies being able to

• develop their ? and ? systems

• foster ?

• create processes of ?

prosperity, growth

Without British interference, the colonies had great ? and ?

George Washington

An American hero in the making who had an early military role during the French and Indian War

• early military work helped shape his leadership and wartime strategies

Fort Necessity

George Washington constructed ? in 1754

• that same fort would be overtaken by the French and their Indian allies

leadership, Continental Army

George Washington’s losses in the Seven Years’ War helped build his ?

• helped establish him as the future leader of the ?

French and Indian War

A war involving British and French forces and their Native American allies in the middle 18th century

• due to a buildup of hatred between England and France

• aka the 7 Years’ War

territory, trade

The French and Indian War was driven by competition for ? and ? in North America between England and France

Treaty of Paris

The French and Indian War ended in 1763 with the signing of the ?

territories, war debts, taxes

Even though Britain was the winner of the 7 Years’ War, gaining many new ?, Britain had significant ?

• this forced Britain to impose new ? on the colonists

dissent

The new taxes Britain imposed on the colonists fueled the colonists with a newfound ? for England

Albany Congress

A series of meetings held in the middle 18th century in an attempt at intercolonial cooperation

• Crafted by Benjamin Franklin

• held in New York

defense, diplomatic issues

The Albany Congress was made to address ? and ? during the French and Indian War

tax, military forces, diplomatic relations

The Albany Plan of Union wanted to establish a unified colonial government that could

• ? the people

• raise ?

• manage ?

rejected, greater cooperation

The Albany Congress was ultimately ?, but it was a massive step towards ? between the colonies

Edward Braddock

A British officer who was commander-in-chief of North America during the French and Indian War in the 18th century

Monongahela, mortally wounded, Fort Duquesne

Edward Braddock was defeated at the Battle of the ? where he was ? and later died

• he was trying to capture ?

inadequacies, British tactics, reassessment

Edward Braddock’s defeat was critical to the realization of the ? of ?

• England would make a ? of British strategies and leadership in order to adapt to the colonial context

Pontiac’s Rebellion

A significant uprising right after the 7 Years’ War led by Pontiac, an Ottawa leader in the middle 18th century

• ultimately subdued by British forces

Native American dissatisfaction, British policies

Pontiac’s Rebellion was driven by widespread ? with ? after the Seven Years’ War

challenge, Proclamation of 1763

Not only was Pontiac’s Rebellion a strong ? to British authority it led to the ?

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation issued by King George III restricting colonial expansion west of the Appalachian Mountains in 1763

Pontiac’s Rebellion, Native Americans

The Proclamation of 1763 was made as a reaction to ? in order to stabilize relations with ?

frustrated, new lands, colonial dissent

The Proclamation of 1763 ? many colonists who were planning on settling on the ?

• this fueled pre-existing ?