Video: Animal Anatomy and Physiology Review

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering essential terms and definitions from the provided lecture notes on anatomy, physiology, tissues, organ systems, and related concepts.

Prokaryote

A cell that lacks a true membrane-bound nucleus and organelles (e.g., bacteria).

Eukaryote

A cell with a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles; all multicellular organisms are eukaryotic.

Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

A double phospholipid layer with interspersed proteins; semipermeable and may have surface modifications like cilia, flagellum, or microvilli.

Cytoplasm

Everything within the cell except the nucleus; contains organelles with specialized functions.

Ribosome

Site of protein synthesis; composed of protein and ribosomal RNA (RNA); can be free or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Mitochondrion

Powerhouse of the cell; contains mitochondrial DNA; double membrane with cristae to increase surface area for ATP production.

Cristae

Folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane that increase surface area for ATP production.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Rough ER has ribosomes and transports proteins; Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

Golgi apparatus

Stacked membranes that modify, package, and distribute substances received from the ER; also produces lysosomes.

Lysosome

Contains digestive enzymes that digest intracellular bacteria and nonfunctional organelles; autolysis can occur if released.

Peroxisome

Contains oxidases and catalase; detoxifies toxic substances and helps convert free radicals to water.

Cytoskeleton

Internal framework of the cell made of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments; provides shape and facilitates movement.

Centrioles

Microtubule structures that organize the mitotic spindle and form bases for cilia and flagella.

Nucleus

Control center of the cell; contains DNA; has a double membrane and nucleoli; DNA exists as chromatin or chromosomes.

Solute

A substance that can be dissolved in a solvent.

Solvent

A substance that dissolves solutes; the dissolving medium.

Solution

A uniform mixture of solute dissolved in solvent.

Intracellular

Located inside a cell.

Extracellular

Located outside a cell.

Intercellular

Between cells (interstitial).

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without energy expenditure.

Facilitated diffusion

Diffusion that uses carrier proteins to move substances across the membrane (e.g., glucose).

Osmosis

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

Osmotic pressure

Pressure required to stop the flow of water across a semipermeable membrane.

Filtration

Substances are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure; important in kidney function.

Endocytosis

Active transport bringing materials into the cell; includes phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Phagocytosis

Cell eating; solid particles are engulfed by the cell; some white blood cells/macrophages are phagocytic.

Pinocytosis

Bulk-phase endocytosis; uptake of fluid droplets; important in absorptive cells of the small intestine.

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Endocytosis initiated by specific membrane receptors binding to substances entering the cell.

Exocytosis

Process by which materials are expelled from the cell; secretions and wastes are released.

Active transport

Energy-dependent movement of substances against a concentration gradient; uses carrier proteins (e.g., sodium-potassium pump).

Hypotonic

Extracellular fluid is less concentrated than intracellular; cells may swell and hemolyze.

Hypertonic

Extracellular fluid is more concentrated than intracellular; cells may shrink (crenate).

Isotonic

Extracellular and intracellular concentrations are equal; no net water movement.

Tissue

Groups of similar cells with related functions.

Histology

The study of tissues.

Epithelial tissue

Covers body surfaces, lines cavities, forms glands; functions include protection, secretion, absorption.

Simple epithelium

One cell layer thick.

Stratified epithelium

More than one cell layer thick.

Squamous epithelium

Flat, thin cells; includes endothelium and keratinized epidermis.

Cuboidal epithelium

Cube-shaped cells; often involved in absorption and secretion.

Columnar epithelium

Tall, rectangular cells; often with microvilli and goblet cells in the digestive tract.

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Appears layered but all cells touch the basal membrane; usually ciliated with goblet cells.

Transitional epithelium

Can stretch; found where distention occurs (e.g., urinary bladder, ureters, urethra).

Glandular epithelium

Highly specialized epithelial cells that secrete; endocrine vs exocrine.

Connective tissue

Tissue with cells, fibers, and matrix; supports and connects other tissues.

Fibers (connective tissue)

Collagen (white), elastic (yellow), reticular fibers.

Blast

Immature, active cell suffix in connective tissue (e.g., fibroblast).

Cyte

Mature cell suffix in connective tissue (e.g., fibrocyte).

Clast

Cell that breaks down substances (e.g., osteoclast).

Connective tissue proper

A category of connective tissue that includes loose and dense connective tissues.

Specialized connective tissue

Includes cartilage, bone, blood, and lymphoid tissues.

Skeletal (striated) muscle

Voluntary muscle; long, parallel fibers; multinucleated; attached to bones; sarcomere is the functional unit.

Smooth (visceral) muscle

Involuntary muscle; spindle-shaped cells; found in walls of hollow organs; single-unit vs multiunit.

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary, striated muscle of the heart; has intercalated discs to coordinate contraction.

Sarcomere

Functional unit of skeletal muscle; formed by Z lines, M lines, A bands, I bands, and H zone.

Actin and myosin

Proteins that form the contractile filaments of muscle.

Nervous tissue

Specialized for conducting electrical impulses; neurons and neuroglial (glial) cells.

Neuron

Nerve cell; has dendrites, cell body, and axon; generates action potentials.

Neuroglial (glial) cells

Supportive cells in CNS and PNS; do not conduct impulses; six types total.

Meninges

Protective membranes of the brain and spinal cord: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

Blood-brain barrier

Endothelial tight junctions that restrict passage of substances from blood to brain; lipid-soluble substances cross easily.

Cerebrum

Brain region for motor control, sensory interpretation, and association; composed of gray matter and white matter.

Diencephalon

Includes thalamus (sensory relay) and hypothalamus (homeostasis and endocrine connections).

Brain stem

Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata; contains centers for vital functions and reticular activating system.

Cerebellum

Coordinates movement and balance.

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

All neural structures outside CNS; divided into afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) pathways.

Sympathetic nervous system

Fight-or-flight branch of the autonomic nervous system; increases heart rate, respiration, and blood flow.

Parasympathetic nervous system

Rest-and-digest branch; promotes digestion and conserves energy.

Reflex arc

Automatic nerve pathway: sensory receptor → sensory neuron → interneuron or motor neuron → effector organ.

Nervous system conduction

Impulses travel in one direction; myelin speeds transmission via saltatory conduction at nodes of Ranvier.

Eye structures (sclera, uvea, retina)

Sclera: outer white layer; Uvea: iris, ciliary body, choroid; Retina: photoreceptors (rods and cones).

Iris

Colored part of the eye; regulates light by pupil size.

Ciliary body

Produces aqueous humor and supports the lens.

Conjunctiva

Mucous membrane lining the eyelids and surface of the eye.

Nictitating membrane

Third eyelid.

Lacrimal apparatus

Produces and drains tears; lacrimal gland and nasal drainage via nasolacrimal duct.

Tympanic membrane

Eardrum; boundary between outer and middle ear; vibrates in response to sound.

Ossicles

Malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup); transmit sound to the inner ear.

Organ of Corti

Hearing receptor complex located in the cochlea.

Taste papillae types

Fungiform, foliate, vallate; contain taste buds.

Olfactory bulb

Olfactory receptor input region in the brain for sense of smell.

Gastric regions (stomach)

Esophageal, cardiac, fundic, pyloric regions; mucous cells and gastric glands present.

Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

Four-compartment ruminant stomach; fermentation, hardware check, water absorption, true glandular stomach.

Small intestine structures (villi, microvilli, circular folds)

Increase surface area for digestion and absorption.

Lacteals

Lymphatic vessels in the villi for fat absorption.

Nephron

Microscopic functional unit of the kidney; includes glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, tubules.

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Rate at which filtrate is formed in the glomerulus.

Renal pelvis

Funnel-like upper end of the ureter in the kidney.

Urination (micturition)

Voiding of urine from the bladder.

Colostrum

First milk containing antibodies essential for neonates.

FSH/ICSH

Follicle-stimulating hormone (stimulates spermatogenesis); interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (stimulates testosterone production by Leydig cells).

Estrous cycle stages

Proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus, anestrus; describes reproductive cycling in many species.

Placenta

Fetal organ providing nutrient/waste exchange between mother and fetus; fetal and maternal blood do not mix.

Amnion, allantois, chorion

Fetal membranes surrounding the developing embryo; form protective membranes and fetal attachments.

Dystocia

Difficult birth requiring assistance or cesarean section.

Colostrum

First milk rich in antibodies; supports neonate immunity.

Hormones

Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands; act on specific target tissues.

Negative feedback

Regulatory mechanism where rising hormone levels inhibit further secretion.

Epidermis layers (strata)

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum (thick skin), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale.