Unit Test 1 Master List (Vocab, lecture, textbook)

Patient Diversity Characteristics

Age, Gender/sexual orientation, Religion, Ethnicity, Mental and Physical Abilities

Types of Wheelchair Transfers

standby assist transfer, assisted standing pivot transfer, two person lift, hydraulic lift

Cart Transfer

1. lock cart wheels and keep the cart and table as close together as possible, at the same height

2. position patient on slide board by rolling them first onto their side, then laying them supine on the board. A draw sheet can also be used

3. use 2-3 people to make the transfer. Two on either side of the patient and one to support the head

4. pull in one movement

Types of positioning

supine, prone, lateral, sims (lateral with knee out), fowler’s (sitting up while on their back)

Apnea

Cessation of spontaneous ventilation

Atelectasis

Absence of gas from part or the whole of the lungs as a result of failure of expansion or reabsorption of gas from the alveoli

Auscultation

Listening to sounds of the body, typically through the use of a stethoscope

Body Temperature

Measurement of the degree of heat of the deep tissues of the human body

Bradycardia

Slowness of the heartbeat as evidenced by slowing of the pulse rate to less than 60 beats per minute (BPM)

Bradypnea

Abnormal slowness of breathing

Diaphoresis

Profuse sweating

Diastolic

Pertaining to dilation, or a period of relaxation of the heart, especially of the ventricles

Dyspnea

Difficult or labored breathing

Febrile

Pertaining to or characterized by fever

Homeostasis

Constancy in the internal environment of the body, naturally maintained by adaptive responses that promote healthy survival

Hypertension

Persistently high arterial blood pressure

Hyperthermia

Abnormally high body temperature, especially that induced for therapeutic purposes

Hypoxemia

Decreased oxygen tension (concentration) in the blood

Hypoxia

Reduction of oxygen supply to the tissue

Intubation

Insertion of a tubular device into a canal, hollow organ, or cavity

Orthopnea

Difficulty breathing except when sitting up or standing erect

Pleural Effusion

Increased amounts of fluid within the pleural cavity, usually the result of inflammation

Pneumothorax

Presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity

Pulse Oximeter

Photoelectric device used for determining the oxygen saturation of the blood

Respiration

Action of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide during breathing

Sphygmomanometer

Instrument for measuring blood pressure

Systolic

Pertaining to tightening, or a period of contraction of the heart (myocardium), especially that of the ventricles

Tachycardia

Rapidity of the heart action, usually defined as a heart rate greater than 100 BPM

Tachypnea

A rapid rate of breathing

Tidal Volume

Volume of air inhaled and exhaled during one respiratory cycle

Ventilation

Mechanical movement of air into and out of the lungs

Hypotension

Abnormally low blood pressure; seen in shock but not necessarily indicative of shock

Hypothermia

Low body temperature

Ambulatory

able to walk

Anterioposterior

Direction of x-ray beam from front to back

Artifacts

Substances or structures not naturally present but of which an authentic image appears on an image

Axial Projection

Any projection not at right angles to the long axis of an anatomic structure

Empathy

Recognition of and entering into the feelings of another person

Flexion

Act of bending or condition of being bent

Geriatric

Pertaining to the treatment of the aged

Immobilization

Act of rendering immovable

Neonates

Newborn infants

Pediatric

Pertaining to the branch of medicine that treats children

Plantar Surface

Sole of the foot

Rapport

Relation of harmony and accord between two persons

Restraint

Hindrance of an action (movement)

Trauma

Wound or injury

Base of Support

Foundation on which a body rests or stands; when people stand, their feet and the space between the feet define the base of support

Biomechanics

A component of physics, the laws of Newtonian mechanics, applied to living bodies at rest and in motion

Center of Gravity

Hypothetical point around which all mass appears to be concentrated

Commonly Attached Medical Equipment

Items clipped, fastened, or affixed to patients’ bodies to deliver substances, such as oxygen, medications, hydration, or nutrition, or drain away substances, such as postsurgical fluids or urine. Care must be taken when moving or positioning patients with these attachments. Neither the patient nor the clinician should get injured during this activity. The equipment should also survive intact without damage or functional impairment

Ergonomics

The study of a person’s efficiency in the working environment

Mobility Muscles

Muscles that are found in the four extremities and designed for movement; examples include the biceps femoris, biceps brachii, and gastrocnemius. These muscles have long white tendons and are also called white muscles

Orthostatic Hypotension

A sudden drop in blood pressure in the brain when a person stands up quickly from a sitting or supine position, causing the oxygen in the brain to drop and the person to become dizzy and prone to falling

Stability Muscles

Muscles that support the torso and are designed to provide postural stability; examples include the latissimus dorsi, abdominal group, and erector spinae. These muscles tend to have thick red muscle bellies and are also called red muscles

Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorder (WRMSD)

Injury or disorder of the muscles, verves, tendons, joints, cartilage, and spinal discs in which work environment and performance contribute significantly and/or the condition is made worse or persists longer due to work conditions

Chief Complaint

Primary medical problem as defined by the patient; important because it focuses the clinical history toward the single most important issue

Chronology

Time element of the history, usually including the onset, duration, frequency, and course of the symptoms

Clinical History

Information available regarding a patient’s condition; traditionally comprises data on localization, quality, quantity (severity), chronology, setting, aggravating or alleviating factors, and associated manifestations (sacred 7)

Leading Questions

Undesirable method of questioning; provides information that may direct answers toward a suggested symptom or complaint

Localization

Determination of a precise area, usually through gentle palpation or careful wording of questions

Objective

Perceptible to the external senses

Quality

Description of the character of the symptoms—for example, the color, quantity, and consistency of blood or other body substances; size or number of lumps or lesions; frequency of urination or coughing; or character of pain

Subjective

Pertaining to or perceived only by the affected individual; not perceptible to the senses

Advance Directive

Legal document prepared by a living, competent adult to provide guidance to the health care team if the individual should become unable to make decisions regarding their medical care; may also be called a living will or durable power of attorney for health care. Sometimes a durable power of attorney is given to another person because a person simply does not want to make any of these decisions themself

Communication

Exchange of information, thoughts, or messages; includes interpersonal rapport; also includes the accurate conveyance of information, clear self-expression, and transmission of information and ideas to others. Medical charting and documentation are forms of communication between health care professionals

Emotional Intelligence

Ability to evaluate, perceive, and control emotions

Gerontology

Pertaining to the study of older adults

Inpatient

someone who has been admitted to the hospital for diagnostic studies or treatment

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Model of human needs developed by Abraham Maslow, original Hierarchy identifies two types of needs: deficiency and growth needs were further divided into seven levels, four at the deficiency needs level (physiologic, safety, belongingness and love, and esteem) and three in the upper growth needs level (need to know and understand, aesthetic, and self-actualization); the current Hierarchy reflects five levels, two at the base reflecting the basic needs, two in the middle section reflecting psychological needs and the top which reflects self-fulfillment needs

Nonverbal Communication

Exchange of information, thoughts, or messages using methods other than the actual words of speech—for example, tone of voice, speed of speech, facial expressions, and position of the speaker’s extremities and torso (body language)

Outpatient

Patient who comes to a health care facility for diagnosis or treatment but does not usually occupy a bed overnight

Palpation

Application of light pressure with the fingers

Paralanguage

Music of language; cadence and rhythm of speech

Patient Assessment

Objective evaluation and determination of the status of a patient

Patient Autonomy

Ability and right of patients to make independent decisions regarding their medical care

Verbal Communication

Messages sent using spoken words; the exchange of information or thoughts; can be dramatically shaped by vocabulary, clarity, tone, pitch of voice, and even the organization of sentences

Assimilation

The process by which people of diverse backgrounds slowly give up their original cultural language and identity and melt into another, usually larger, group

Bias

Prejudice; thinking negatively of others without any or significant justification; generally a combination of stereotyped beliefs and negative attitudes

Biculturalism

Being able to negotiate two or more different cultures competently, individual and mainstream

Cultural

Of or relating to culture

Cultures

All of the socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thoughts by particular classes, communities, or populations

Discrimination

Actions involved in the unequal or prejudicial treatment of people because they belong to a certain category, group, or race. May also include disability, ethnicity, and sexual orientation

Diverse

Differing from one another; made up of distinct characteristics, qualities, or elements

Diversity

Fact or quality of being diverse, different (all of the ways in which human beings are both similar and different)

Ethnic

Designating any of the basic groups or divisions of humankind or of a heterogeneous population, as distinguished by customs, characteristics, language, and common history; national origin

Ethnicity

Ethnic affiliation or classification

Ethnocentrism

Tendency toward viewing the norms and values of the individual’s own culture as absolute and using them as a standard against which all other cultures are measured

Gender

Chromosomal designation of female or male being

Homophobia

Irrational fear of and hostility toward homosexuality

LGBTQ+

An acronym used to describe individuals who identify as other than heterosexual, i.e. lesbian, gay, bisexual, transexual, queer and/or questioning, intersex, and asexual and/or ally, plus others

Mental and Physical Abilities

Capacity to perform cognitive and psychomotor tasks

Race

Population that differs from others in the relative frequency of some gene or genes; any of the different varieties of humankind, distinguished by type of hair, color of eyes and skin, stature, bodily proportions, or other characteristics

Racism

Belief in racial superiority, leading to discrimination and prejudice toward races considered inferior

Religion

Belief in a divine or superhuman power or powers, to be obeyed and worshipped as the creator(s) and ruler(s) of the universe

Communication

The ability to convey and receive information. Knowing the norm within a culture will facilitate understanding and lessen miscommunication. Miscommunication is a frequent problem among different cultures

Space

Distance extending in all directions. Proximity to personal boundaries and comfort level—eye contact, distance, and touch practices—vary among cultures. Failure to understand and respect different cultural practices, including space, may cause miscommunication and lessen regard for healthcare providers.

Time

Period of duration; indefinite, unlimited duration in which things are considered as happening (e.g., past, present, future). Cultures have different time orientations—for example, England and China seem to be oriented in the past, valuing tradition and doing things as they have always been done; people from these countries may be hesitant to try new medical procedures or treatments. Present-oriented cultures (e.g., Latin American, Native American, Middle Eastern) may neglect preventive care measures because they focus on the here and now. Healthcare providers must work with these cultures in an attempt to get these individuals to understand that medicine is focused on both prevention and treatment and that everyone can live a healthy and long life

Environmental Control

Ability of people to control nature. Differences in health practices and definitions of health and illness are evident in the different cultures. These variations need to be understood so that the appropriate actions can be undertaken to preserve the health of individuals and provide adequate treatment while preserving cultural concepts

Biologic Variation

Ethnical or racially related differences in body structure, skin color, hair texture, and other physical characteristics; the term also addresses genetic variations, susceptibility to certain diseases, nutritional preferences and differences, and psychological characteristics, among others. Healthcare providers must understand how these biologic variations affect the health of individuals within the different ethnic cultures, and they must secure diagnosis and provide treatment based on some of these variations