AP Euro unit 3 Absolutism and Constitutionalism FP

what happens in 1648

treaty of westphallia which allows for state building

what happens in 1688

glorious revolution

the great chain of being

European social higherarchy description. links god to his creations through this.

little ice age

A period of cooling temperatures and harsh winters that lasted for much of the early modern era.

moral economy

The early modern European view that community needs predominated over competition and profit and that necessary goods should thus be sold at a fair price.

30 years war

(1618-1648) This Bourbon vs. Habsburg War resulted from a conflict between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League in the Holy Roman Empire

catholic league

1609 Catholics determined to stop the spread of Protestantism in German states

Protestant Union

League of German states that opposed the Catholic League.

peace of westphallia

A series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' war, also ended the holy roman empire and recognized the Union of Utrecht.

Gustavus Adolphus

Swedish Lutheran king who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years' War

Union of Utrecht

The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.

fiscal military state

A state that bases its economic model on the strength of its armed forces, usually in times of prolonged or severe conflict.

Philip IV (Spain)

(1622-1665) king of Spain, left the management of his kingdom to Gaspar de Guzman, count-duke of Olivares

Gaspar de Guzman

Chief minister for Philip IV of Spain. He dominated the king's every move and worked to revive interest of the Spanish monarchy. He made domestic reform decree to cut off the power of the Catholic Church and stop the Inquisition.

Louis XIII

king of France from 1610 to 1643 who relied heavily on the advice of Cardinal Richelieu (1601-1643)

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister of France who reduced the power of the nobles

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

The Fronde

a french rebellion that was caused by Mazarin's attempt to increase royal revenue and expand state bureaucracy, caused Louis XIV to distrust the state and turn to absolutism

Intendants

official appointed by French king Louis XIV to govern the provinces, collect taxes, and recruit soldiers

Palace of versialles

Symbol of Louis XIV's royal power in France. Used as a tool for Louis XIV to keep tabs on nobles.

Moliere + Jean Rachine

French playwrights who Louis XIV enjoyed

precieuses

noblewomen of Versailles under Louis XIV who recommended individuals for honors, advocated policy decisions, and brokered alliances between noble factions

War of Spanish Succession

war fought over the Spanish throne; Louis XIV wanted it for his son and fought a war against the Dutch, English, and the Holy Roman Empire to gain the throne for France

Peace of Utrecht

A series of treaties, from 1713 to 1715, that ended the War of the Spanish Succession, ended French expansion in Europe

Balance of Power

Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Jean babtiste Colbert

finance minister to Louis XIV. He was a strict mercantilist who worked to make France self-sufficient

Absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Hapsburg family

A family that originated in Austria who, through a series of carefully arranged marriages, created a huge empire that stretched from Austria and Germany to Spain. Charles V, Ferdinand I,and Philip II of Spain were some of them

Bourbon Family

French family that allied with Protestant demands and placed Henry IV on the throne after the War of Three Henry's

Serfs and serfdom

an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate.

Ferdinand II

Holy Roman Emperor and king of Bohemia and Hungary who waged war against Protestant forces (1578-1637)

Bohemian estates

the largely Protestant representative body of the different estates in Bohemia. Significantly reduced in power by Ferdinand II

Jules Mazarin

Chief minister of Louis XIV. Maintained the absolutist policies of his predecessor Richelieu. Financial ideas partially lead to the Fronde

Ferdinand III

1637-1657. centralized government. strengthened Habsburg holdings. established a standing army. wanted to conquer the plains of hungary. absolutist.

Prince Francis Rákóczy

Led the Hungarians to one last patriotic rebellion. his forces were defeated, but the Hapsburgs had to compromise with Hungary and give them more power over themselves.

Frederick I

son of Frederick William who in 1701 became the first king of Prussia (1657-1713)

"elector" (In Holy Roman Empire)

one of the 7 princes/archbishops in charge of deciding the next Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick William

the Elector of Brandenburg who rebuilt his domain after its destruction during the Thirty Years' War (1620-1688), placed very strong emphasis on the army. known as "the great elector

Frederick William I

The "Soldiers King" this ruler established Prussian absolutism and transformed Prussia into a military state.

Junkers

Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism.

"king in Prussia"

what Frederick I was known as by the Holy Roman Empire

Khan

A Mongol ruler

Kievan Rus

Medieval Slavic State conquered by the Mongols

Ivan III (the Great)

Prince of the Duchy of Moscow; responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols.

Muscovy (Grand Dutchy of Moscow)

The Russian feudal duchy that emerged as a local power gradually during the era of Mongol domination. The Muscovite princes convinced their Mongol Tatar overlords to let them collect all the tribute gold from the other Russian princes on behalf of the Mongols. This caused Moscow to become the power center of Russian society and eventually they rebelled against Mongol domination.The Muscovite dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598.

tsar

The Russian term for ruler or king; taken from the Roman word caesar.

boyars

Russian nobles

Ivan IV (the Terrible)

First absolute tsar of Russia who crushed the boyars, Expanded to Muslim khanates, tries to expand west to Livonia Fights against Sweden for it and loses, Conquers Fertile Areas around the Volga river, Ties Peasants and middle class peoples to their lords or towns.

Cossaks

Free groups and outlaw armies originally comprising runaway peasants living on the borders of Russian territory from the fourteenth century onward. By the end of the sixteenth century they had formed an alliance with the Russian state. 1580's, some Cossacks allied with Russia begin the conquest of Siberia.

Time of Troubles

followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613.

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar, He enthusiastically introduced Western languages, technologies, and culture to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

Charles XII

This Swedish king was the primary opponent of Peter the Great in the Great Northern War of the early 1700s

Unigeniture

inheritance of land by one son alone, cutting daughters and other sons from the family property

Ottoman Empire

A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922.

Sultan

the military and political head of state under the the Ottomans

Janissary Corps

The core of the sultan's army, composed of slave conscripts from non-Muslim parts of the empire; after 1683 it became a volunteer force.

Millet

an administrative unit in the Ottoman Empire used to organize religious groups.

Millet system

A system used by the Ottomans whereby subjects were divided into religious communities, with each millet (nation) enjoying autonomous self-government under its religious leaders.

Old Palace

palace where a sultan housed his female family

Topkapi Palace

Political headquarters of the Ottoman Empire, it was located in Istanbul. Also where enslaved youths were trained

concubine

a woman who lives with a man but has lower status than his wife or wives

Sultan Suleiman I (Suleiman the Magnificent)

creates a stable ottoman empire, helped the Ottoman Empire reach its highest power.

Hurrem

She was a concubine of Suleiman that later rose in power and became his wife

Constitutionalism

A form of government in which power is limited by law and balanced between the authority and power of the government on the one hand, and the rights and liberties of the subjects or citizens on the other hand; could include constitutional monarchies or republics.

Republicanism

A form of government in which people elect representatives to create and enforce laws

Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth

Union of Poland and Lithuania in 1385; struggled with inability to create a strong, centralized government

Sejm

The legislative assembly of the Polish nobility.

Union of Lublin

The Union of Lublin was a 1569 treaty that merged Poland and Lithuania into a single state called the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, creating a unique political entity with shared institutions.

Compact of Warsaw

Gave all non Catholics religious freedom (Poland Lithuania)

James I

(1603-1625) Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings.

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649

Puritans

Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.

William Laud

Archbishop of Canterbury under Charles I in England. He tried to force the Scottish to use the English Book of Common Prayer. He was later executed by Parliament during the English Civil War.

Triennial act

An Act by Parliament, reluctantly agreed to by Charles I (who said it reduced his power) stated that parliament must be called at least once every three years.

New Model Army

The disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English civil war. Created by parliament, consisted of London militia and country squires with business connections

English Civil War

a conflict, lasting from 1642 to 1649, in which Puritan supporters of Parliament battled supporters of England's monarchy. Puritans win

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

Rump Parliament

The Cromwell-controlled Parliament that proclaimed England a republic.

Thomas Hobbs

1651 Leviathan. People are selfish, self-serving, and brutal. Without control, society would be chaotic. English Philosopher

Leviathan

treatise written by Thomas Hobbs

John Locke

English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract", also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.

protectorate

English military dictatorship run by Oliver Cromwell

Navigation act

1650 laws that required among other things that all goods to and from the colonies be transported on British ships

Charles II

(1660-1685) Stuart king during the Restoration, following Cromwell's loss of power (death), made secret deals with Louis XIV for extra money.

Test Act

Legislation, passed by the English Parliament in 1673, to secure the position of the Anglican Church by stripping Puritans, Catholics, and other dissenters of the right to vote, preach, assemble, hold public office, and teach at or attend the universities.

James II

This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government

William and mary

These people were the king and queen of England after the Glorious Revolution that recognized the supremacy of the English Parliament

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

English Bill of Rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a constitutional monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

two treatises of government

A book written by John Locke which stated details about natural rights and that people were born with and entitled to life, liberty, and property.

Holland

Dutch city state

States General

term used by the national assembly of the United Provinces of the Netherlands where the wealthy merchant class held real power; because many issues had to be refereed back to the provinces, the United Provinces was a confederation, or weak union of a strong states.

Dutch Estates

The local government of each Dutch providence

Stadholder

The executive officer in each of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, a position often held by the princes of Orange.

Dutch Golden age

A period of Dutch History (1600s ) in which The Dutch Republic dominated world trade and used that wealth to become the world's center for arts and sciences. However, they were a seafaring power, NOT a military power. France will emerge in this era as the dominant military power.

Dutch East India Company

Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

Paulette

Tax by Henry IV that let people pay a tax over 9 years to keep their job forever (and pass it on). creates a new class of people. used to fund war

politique

someone who prioritizes politics over religion

table of ranks (Russia)

Issued by Peter the Great to draw nobles into state service, it made rank in the bureaucracy or military, not family connections, the determinant of individual's social status