CMN 10V UC Davis test 1

communication definition

a process of sharing meaning

Laswell 1948 linear model of communication

Who -> what -> channel -> whom _. effet

Shannon & Weaver 1949 model

speaker -> message -> channel -> receiver -> effect

noise

any disturbance that interferes with the transmission of a message

David Berlo's SMCR Model

speaker -> message -> channel -> receiver (-> feedback loop). Message is encoded then sent through the channel as symbols (like words, music, pictures) then decoded by the receiver back into concepts.

reception and audience theories

messages are polysemic - multiple meanings. There are factors that predict why receivers receive the message they do

Stuart Hall: Encoding and Decoding

production (encoding) - circulation - use (consumption and decoding) - reproduction (application or effects of the message received)

modes of encoding (Hall)

dominant (decoding matches encoding), negotiating (shares some traits with dominant meaning but differs with the receiver's experiences),

oppositional (the opposite of the intended meaning)

Nature of Interpersonal Communication

1. occurs among interdependent individuals

2. inherently relational

3. exists on a continuum

4. involves choices

5. inevitable and irreversible

6. verbal and nonverbal

role relationship

Two people who share some degree of behavioral interdependence; although people in such relationships are usually interchangeable and are not psychologically or behaviorally unique.

interpersonal relationship

two people who share repeated interactions over time, can influence one another, and have unique interaction patterns

close relationship

two people in an interpersonal relationship characterized by enduring bonds, emotional attachment, personal need fulfillment, and irreplaceability

Relational Development Model

contact, involvement, intimacy, deterioration

contact

perceptual then interactional (both impersonal). First four minutes of initial interaction. You can exit contact at this stage

involvement

testing initial impression - intensifying. Note you can exit contact at this stage, re-do this stage, or head back to the contact stage. Or you can progress to intimacy.

intimacy

establishing a close relationship and you come to share each others' social networks. Interpersonal commitment and social bonding phase

deterioration

weakening of bonds - intrapersonal dissatisfaction then withdrawal

possibility 1: repair

intrapersonal repair and interpersonal repair

possibility 2: dissolution

interpersonal separation - reidentifying as individuals. Also social/public separation

Social Penetration Theory

theory that proposes relationships develop through increases in self-disclosure

The social penetration model is used to describe which two dimensions of communication?

breadth and depth

social exchange theory

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

comparison level

the cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship

Relational Dialectics (Baxter and Montgomery)

All dyads struggle with opposing needs or desires. Autonomy vs connection, openness vs closedness, novelty vs predictability

language

a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another

speech acts

communicative acts that carry meaning beyond the words and phrases used within them, for example, apologies and promises

indirectness

the meaning beyond the literal

Implicature

inferences that hearers make from an utterance to understand the intent of the speaker

pragmatics

the appropriate use of language in different contexts

language attitudes

status, solidarity

speech rate

the faster the rate, the higher the status. no effect on solidarity

lexical diversity

refers to the size of a speaker's vocabulary; the number of different words a person uses when talking about a particular topic. Higher lexical diversity means higher status and lower solidarity

taboo language

arbitrary Words that are avoided because they are considered offensive, embarrassing, obscene or unpleasant.

reasons to study intercultural communication

demographics of US

economic

technological

self-awareness/ethnocentrism

culture

learned patterns of perceptions, values, and behaviors shared by a group of people

Socialization

the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society

membership in groups

Can be voluntary (profession, nationality, politics, religion, socioeconomic status) or involuntary (race, gender, age, family)

Iceberg Model of Culture

"Overt culture" above the waterline- language, dress, behaviors, habits, food. "covert culture" below the waterline- values, norms, beliefs, attitudes, assumptions

Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions

Individualism-Collectivism, Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Masculinity-Femininity, and Long-Term--Short-Term Orientation.

mass communication

communication to a large audience that is transmitted by media

sender in mass communication

complex organization that uses standardized practices to disseminate messages while actively promoting ITSELF in order to attract as many audience members as possible, then conditioning those audience members for habitual repeated exposures

vertical ownership

the combination in one company of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate companies.

Horizontal ownership

system of consolidating many firms in the same business

CR4

the four firm concentration ratio, equal to the percentage of total domestic sales accounted for by the four largest firms in the industry

CR8

sum of market shares of top 8 firms

Niche Audience

A relatively small audience with specialised interests, tastes, and backgrounds, and values

identifying niches

segmented geographically, demographically, social class, income level, psychological characteristics and geo-demographic segmentation AND psychographic segmentation - MOST EFFECTIVE

VALS

popular psychographic method in consumer research that divides consumers into groups based on resources and consumer behavior motivations (VALUES, ATTITUDES, LIFE STYLES)

audience conditioning

a strategy used by media organizations to make their existing audience members want to continually expose themselves to their subsequent messages

exposure states

automatic, attentional, transported, self-reflexive

computer mediated communication

the exchange of messages carried through an intervening system of digital electronic storage and transmitted between two or more people

IRC (Internet Relay Chat)

A protocol that enables users running special IRC client software to communicate instantly with other participants in a chat room on the Internet.

email

mostly text based communication but emoticons have changed the game. Way to compensate for lack of nonverbal cues

social networking site

Boyd & Ellison, 2007: web based services that allow people to construct a public/semipublic profile, using a bounded system. Second, articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection. Third, view/traverse that list of connections and those made by others within the system.

cues-filtered-out theory

lack of cues in CMC promotes more neutral, underdeveloped, or even more negative impressions compared to Face-to-face interaction

social presence theory

suggests that CMC deprives users of the sense that another actual person is involved in the interaction

Media Richness Theory

purports that CMC bandwidth is too narrow to convey rich relational messages

Social Information Processing Theory

theory that suggests people can communicate relational and emotional messages via the internet, although such messages take longer to express without nonverbal cues

hyperpersonal communication theory

digital interactions can become intense and overly intimate beyond what would occur in face-to-face relationship - can lead to exaggerated, overinflated, or stereotyped impressions

networks

sets of informal and formal social ties that link people to each other

3 assumptions of social network analysis

1. connections or relations matter

2. networks create asymmetries

3. networks have no agency but they activate mechanisms and generate emerging phenomena.

social network analysis

the process of investigationg social networks using network and graph theories

nodes on a network

nodes (vertices, points) and ties. Nodes can be people, countries, organizations. Exogenous and endogenous attributes.

ties on a network

Connections that can be positive (friends) or negative (enemies - US is tied to Russia), weighted or unweighted. Sometimes called edges (when undirected) or arcs (when directed)

Degree of a Network

number of ties each node has to other nodes

Ego Network

the web and characteristics of social relationships that surround an individual, from the focal individual's perspective

Complete (global) network

the web and characteristics of social relationships that connect everyone - need to set up the boundaries of what your complete network will be - say all the students in a class

network topologies

The web of connections that make up the shape of a network. This does nOT have to do with how it's drawn. If you drop a bunch of buttons connected with strings, the shape changes but the topology stays the same

Network Data Structure

usually a matrix of numbers 0 and 1 - rows and columns are the nodes - "1" indicates a tie between the nodes and "0" indicates no tie between the nodes.

network Data Collection Methods

name generator method

name interpreter method

small world phenomenon

The principle that we are all linked by short chains of acquaintances

small world properties

high local clustering (redundancy/density in a network) and low average path length (average number of steps along the shortest path for any pair of nodes in the network - efficiency of information flow in a network)

media effects

The influence of media coverage on average citizens' opinions and actions. Can be at the level of cognitions (thoughts), attitudes, beliefs, affect (emotion), physiology, or behavior

differential susceptibility

the idea that people vary in how sensitive they are to media effects. Susceptibility variables: disposition, developmental level, social context

Disposition in media choice

Disposition affects the media you use/choose and how you are affected by the medium - men choose more violent content than women. They are more SUSCEPTIBLE to being impacted by violent content because they ingest more of it

developmental level

children. idk.