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Primary Sources
Original sources providing firsthand accounts or eyewitness perspectives, such as diaries and letters.
Secondary Sources
Documents or recordings that discuss information from primary sources, like textbooks and biographies.
Gregorian Calendar
The internationally accepted civil calendar, evolved from a solar calendar system.
B.C
Stands for 'Before Christ', used for years before c. 30 AD.
BCE
'Before Common Era', a secular reference to the modern calendar.
AD
'Anno Domini', meaning 'The Year of Our Lord'.
CE
'Common Era', a secular reference to the modern calendar.
Circa
Used to indicate uncertainty about the exact time or timeframe of an event.
Lunar Calendar
A calendar based on monthly cycles of the moon's phases.
Solar Calendar
A calendar directly tied to the solar year.
Pangaea
The supercontinent that existed before the separation of landmasses.
Equator
Set at 0 degrees latitude, the closest area to the sun.
Latitude
Measures distance north or south from the equator.
Longitude
Determines east or west location from the Prime Meridian.
Prime Meridian
Located at 0 degrees, dividing the earth into eastern and western hemispheres.
Hominids
Early human relatives, with Homo sapiens being modern humans.
Australopithecus
An early hominid that lived in Southern Africa and had opposable thumbs.
Homo Habilis
An early human species that used Oldowan stone tools.
Homo Erectus
An early human species that used Acheulean stone tools and fire.
Ardi
One of the oldest hominid fossils, showing ape-like and human-like traits.
Lucy
A well-preserved Australopithecus fossil, significant as an early human ancestor.
Otzi the Iceman
A well-preserved 5,300-year-old mummy of Homo sapiens.
Paleolithic Era
The period when early humans were hunter-gatherers using basic tools.
Neolithic Era
The period marked by the development of agriculture and settled communities.
Agricultural Revolution
The transition from hunting/gathering to farming and domestication.
Stonehenge
A prehistoric monument in England with unclear purposes.
Catal Huyuk
An ancient settlement in Turkey known for art and religious practices.
Jericho
An ancient city near the Jordan River with the oldest defensive walls in history.
Bronze Age
A period characterized by the use of bronze tools and advancements in technology.
Prehistory
The time before written records, studied through fossils and artifacts.
Anthropologists
Scientists who study humans and their cultures.
Archaeologists
Scientists who focus on artifacts and structures left by past civilizations.
Geologists
Scientists who study rocks and the earth's physical structure.
Paleontologists
Scientists who specialize in studying fossils to understand ancient organisms.
Homo sapiens
The scientific classification for modern humans, meaning 'wise man'.
Neanderthals
An early human species known for their religious beliefs and complex language.
Cro-Magnons
Early humans physically similar to modern humans, excelling in hunting and language.
Migration
The movement of humans due to factors like climate change and resource availability.
Out of Africa Theory
The theory suggesting the first humans left Africa, leading to diverse human characteristics.
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