Atomic Structure, Periodic Table, and Chemical Bonding Concepts

Proton

Positive (+) charge, located in the nucleus.

Neutron

Neutral (0) charge, located in the nucleus.

Electron

Negative (-) charge, located in the electron cloud.

Atomic Number

The number of protons in an atom, also equal to the number of electrons.

Atomic Mass

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons, rounded off.

Valence Electrons

Electrons in an atom's outer shell that are available to form bonds.

Covalent Bonds

Bonds formed by sharing of available valence electrons.

Ionic Bonds

Bonds formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

Molecule

A part of matter made up of more than one atom.

Compound

A substance made up of two or more different kinds of atoms.

Chemical Symbol

An abbreviation for the element.

Example for Carbon - Atomic Number

6

Example for Carbon - Number of Protons

6

Example for Carbon - Number of Electrons

6

Example for Carbon - Atomic Mass

12 (rounded)

Number of Neutrons for Carbon

Atomic Mass - Atomic Number = Number of Neutrons

Example for Phosphorus - Atomic Mass

31 (rounded)

First Energy Level Capacity

Holds up to 2 electrons.

Second Energy Level Capacity

Holds up to 8 electrons.

Third Energy Level Capacity

Holds up to 18 electrons.

Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

An example of an ionic bond.

C6H12O6 - Atoms of Carbon

6

C6H12O6 - Atoms of Hydrogen

12

C6H12O6 - Atoms of Oxygen

6

NaHCO3 - Atoms of Sodium

1

NaHCO3 - Atoms of Hydrogen

1

NaHCO3 - Atoms of Carbon

1

NaHCO3 - Atoms of Oxygen

3