Internet Of Things(IOT)

What is IoT?

Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical objects (things) such as sensors, devices, vehicles, appliances etc. that are connected to the internet to collect, exchange, and process data without much human intervention.

What is Internet ?

A worldwide network that connects millions of devices for communication and data sharing.

What is Things ?

Physical objects (devices, sensors, appliances) connected to the internet to collect and exchange data

Characteristics of IoT

• Connectivity

• Sensing

• Communication

• Automation

• Scalability

• Interoperability

• Security

Connectivity

Devices must be connected via internet or network.

Sensing

Devices can sense environment data (temperature, motion, etc.).

Communication

Devices exchange data using protocols

Automation

IoT works with minimum human effort.

Scalability

Easily add new devices without performance loss

Interoperability

Different devices/brands should work together.

Security

Safe data transfer and device protection.

Applications of IoT

• Smart Home

• Healthcare

• Smart Cities

• Agriculture

• Industrial IoT (IIoT)

• Transportation

Smart Home

Automates home devices for comfort & energy saving.
👉 Example: Smart bulbs, Alexa, Nest thermostat.

Healthcare

Monitors patient health remotely.
👉 Example: Smart watches tracking heartbeat, glucose monitor.

Smart Cities

Manages traffic, waste, and energy efficiently.
👉 Example: Smart traffic lights, smart parking

Agriculture

Improves farming with sensors & automation.
👉 Example: Soil moisture sensor, smart irrigation.

Industrial IoT (IIoT)

Enhances manufacturing & safety.
👉 Example: Predictive maintenance in factories.

Transportation

Increases safety & efficiency in travel.
👉 Example: Connected cars, GPS tracking, Uber

IoT Framework

• Perception Layer

• Network Layer

• Edge Layer

• Application Layer

• Business Layer

Perception Layer

This is the physical layer that uses sensors, actuators, RFID, and cameras to collect real-world data (like temperature, motion, light).
👉 Example: Temperature sensor in smart home.

Network Layer

Responsible for transmitting the sensed data securely and reliably to other devices or cloud platforms using communication technologies.
👉 Example: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 5G.

Edge Layer

Performs preliminary processing and filtering of data close to the source device to reduce latency and network load.
👉 Example: Raspberry Pi or IoT gateway.

Application Layer

Delivers user-oriented services and applications to different industries such as healthcare, smart cities, or agriculture.
👉 Example: Smart home app controlling lights.

Business Layer

Defines the business logic, policies, and goals, making decisions based on IoT-generated data to create value and improve strategies.
👉 Example: A company using IoT analytics to reduce costs

What is iot architecture ?

IoT Architecture is a structured design that defines how IoT devices, networks, storage, and applications interact to collect, process, and deliver data.
It provides different layers (like perception, network, middleware, application, business) to ensure smooth communication and services

Cisco IoT Architecture

• Perception Layer (Sensing)

• Network Layer

• Edge Layer

• Processing Layer

• Application Layer

• Application Layer

• Business Layer

Perception Layer

Sensors, RFID, actuators collect real-world data.

Network Layer

Data transfer using Wi-Fi, ZigBee, Bluetooth, 5G, etc

Edge Layer

Local computing at gateways or edge devices.

Processing Layer

Data storage, filtering, and management.

Application Layer

User services (smart home, healthcare, etc.).

Business Layer

Defines business goals, rules, and analytics.

Security Layer

Provides end-to-end security, authentication, and privacy.

Oracal iot Architecture

• Gether

• Inreach

• Stream

• Manage

• Acuire

• Oragenize analize

Gether

Devices (things) collect raw data from sensors, edge devices, or external system.

Inreach

Gatewaye proccess and refind data before sending it.

Stream

Data flows through network to server to cloud.

Manage

Devices are identified authenticated and given access.

Acquire

Data is stored in big data centers .

Organize and Analize

Business intelligence tools Analize data for decision making.