Studied by 18 people
Cottage Industry
Home based manufacturing
Pre-Industry (before 1750)
cottage industry
people produce what they need or wish to sell in the home
industry distributed across the land
Industrial Revolution
improvements in technology that made production faster and more efficient
factory-based industry replaced cottage industry
James Watt’s Steam Engine provided the energy for factories
Effects of Industrial Revolution
unskilled workers work in a factory
textile industry is the first industry to change to the factory system
textile
cloth woven of silk, wool, cotton, or flax
urbanization
people move to the cities where factories are located for work
Transportation
steam engine created the railroad industry
Transportation; railroad allowed:
masses of workers to relocate near factories
transport raw materials such as iron to factories
finished factory products to be shipped to previously inaccessible markets
largest industrial producers are clustered into three regions
North America, Europe, East Asia
largest industrial producers (hint: there’s four)
China, United States, Japan, Germany
North America’s largest producer
United States
North America’s center of production
Rustbelt (Great Lakes Region)
Europe’s largest producers
Germany (west), Russia (east)
Europe’s center of production
Western Europe: Rhine-Ruhr River Valley
Eastern Europe: Volga River Valley
East Asia’s largest producers
China and Japan
East Asia’s center of production
Port Cities of Beijing, Shanghai, Tokyo
Energy consuming
LDCs consume more than MDCs
Largest energy consumers
1) China
2) United States
World Energy Demand
World demand for energy is growing
As nations develop, they consume more energy.
As populations increase, they consume more energy
Fossil Fuels
Fossilized plants/animal matter
Limited and decreasing supplies.
Nuclear Energy
Atom Splitting
Limited and decreasing supplies
Renewable Energy
Potentially unlimited supplies
Coal Reserves
More proven reserves in MDCs
Largest Reserves: China, Russia, US
Natural Gas
More proven reserves in LDCs
Largest Reserves: Russia, Iran, Qatar
Petroleum
More proven reserves in LDCs
Largest Reserves: Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Iran
Site factors
Characteristics of a particular place related to the costs of production
Three factors needed to produce any product
land: raw materials from which a product is produced
labor: workers who change raw materials into a product
capital: tools, and/or money used to purchase tools to produce a product
Labor (% of industrial workers)
China: 25%
India: 20%
MDCs: 20%
Labor Intensive Industries definition
Industries in which wages are the majority of the costs of production
Labor Intensive Industries
often choose to locate near a large source of cheap labor
textile is extremely labor intensive
most cloth production is located in LDCs where labor is very cheap
Assembly of finished products sometimes located in MDCs
Fordist Model
A form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly
Post-Fordist Model
Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform variety of tasks
Types of “Land”
Raw materials needed to produce a product
Energy used to produce products
Actual land that factories can be built on
Early Factories
located in cities where the price of land was high
Early factories were tall, multi-story buildings
Modern Factories
One story factories are more efficient
raw materials enter at one end; product leave at the other end
located on the periphery of cities where land is abundant and cheap
Situation factors
Characteristics of a place related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory
Transportation and costs
Transportation of inputs and products is a cost to producers
inputs for production must be transported to the factory
final products must be transported to the market
Alfred Weber
German economist that developed a theory explaining the location of TWO different types of industrial production known as, Least Cost Theory
What does the least cost theory explain?
the agglomeration of industries
Agglomeration
concentration of specific industries in location
What are producers always interested in?
Reducing costs
reducing transportation costs depends on which types of industry (bulk reducing/gaining)
Bulk reducing (definition)
An industry where the production reduces the weight of the product
Bulk Gaining (definition)
An industry where the production increases the weight of the product
Bulk reducing industries
industrial RESOURCES are very massive
its very expensive to transport the resources to the marketplace
processing of the resource is located as close to the source as possible
bulk reducing industries examples
copper mining
iron ore mining
bauxite mining
Bulk Gaining Industries
Industrial PRODUCTS are very massive
its very expensive to transport the products to the marketplace
Manufacture of the product is located as close to the market as possible
bulk gaining industry examples
traditional manufacturing such as automobiles
beverage industries
perishable products
How many types of transportation are there?
four
What types of transportations are there?
air (airplane), ship, rail (trains), and truck
YOU CAN DO THIS!!!
I CAN DO THIS!!!
Air (airplane) transportation
very limited capacity, most expensive, but fastest type of transport
best transport for small, extremely perishable products
Air (airplane) transportation examples
seafood (lobster, sushi-grade fish)
documents
Ship transportation
enormous capacity, low cost, but slow speed
best transport for long distances
ship transportation examples
automobiles
trade goods
oil
Rail (trains) transportation
large capacity, low costs, but slower speed
best transport for long distances when ships are unavailable
rail (trains) transportation examples
grain
minerals
coal
Truck transportation
limited capacity, more expensive, but faster speed
best transport for smaller, more time-sensitive products
truck transportation examples
bread
milk
produce
Break of Bulk Points
location where the transfer between types of transport is easiest (and cheapest)
ex. Cargo ship to Norfolk, and railroad is used from Norfolk to Saint Paul. Then a truck is used from Saint Paul to Fargo.
Environmental impact of industry
Pollution: air, waste, solid waste
industry produces waste while producing products
Local Scale
Carbon monoxide, and particulates create smog
Health impacts for humans and animals at the local scale
Most cities with the worst air quality are in East Asia
Regional Scale
Sulfur dioxide produces “acid rain”
located in major industrial regions: North America, Europe, East Asia
the effects are generally not experienced at source
kills plants and animals
destroys marble or limestone structures
Global Scale
Carbon dioxide is the primary gas that causes Global Warming
greenhouse effect
MDCs are the largest producers
Greenhouse effect
heat is trapped in the atmosphere
alters climate, precipitation, patterns and increases forest fires
Point Source
single source of pollution (factory or power plant)
industry uses water for cooling equipment and for waste disposal
aquatic life may not be able to adapt to warmer conditions
What do MDCs do before discharging waste into water?
they “treat” the water
Why doesn’t LDCs use wastewater treatment facilities?
They can’t afford it
Ganges river pollution
Sanitary Landfill
concentration of chemical waste will eventually waste seep into the groundwater
mining produces the most hazardous/toxic waste: heavy metals, PFCs
damage to the environment is forever
Woodbury and 3M
Emerging Industrial Regions
Industry is more located in LDCs than MDCs
Industry is expected to cluster in the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, China) nation in the future
New international Division of Labor
Transnational corporation trade higher transportation costs for lower wages
lower wages found mostly in LDCs
high skilled workers remain in MDCs
Vertical Integration (hint: old method)
corporation owns all phases of production
Outsourcing (hint: new method)
corporations hire other companies to complete phases of production
transnational corporations outsource to LDC companies
Maquiladoras
Factories that are located within a few miles of the US/Mexico border
costs of transportation are offset by the savings on labor
pros of maquiladoras
products sold in US are cheaper
cons of maquiladoras
US industries relocate to MX
most job losses in US is due to automation
Mexican labor is typically exploited
Textile; spinning and weaving
done in LDCs
50% spinning in China and India
90% weaving in China and India
Textiles; Assembly
(transportation costs can offset wages)
done in both MDCs and LDCs
Steel; Global production
1950: most steel production is in MDCs
2017: Most in LDCs
China has all the ingredients for steel
steel is essential for development for industry
50% of worlds steel is produced in China
Steel; US production
traditionally steel production occurred in the Rustbelt (iron ore from MN)
increasingly, iron ore comes from LDCs or scrap iron (recycling)
there are fewer steel mills in the US
location of remaining steel mills have moved away from Rustbelt
Changing Industry; North America
Moving from traditional Rustbelt to South/Southwest
union wages are higher than non-union wages
union membership is strong in the rustbelt region
Right to Work Laws
Laws that prohibit labor contracts that require workers to join unions
Changing industry; Europe
Moving from traditional Northwest to Eastern Europe
former communist states of Eastern Europe are most recent members of EU
wages are lower in former communist states
General location where wages are lowest
LDCs
Maquiladoras
Southern US
Eastern Europe
Industrial Regions; United Kingdom
Region that contains the first areas to enter the Industrial Revolution
Industrial Regions; Southern California
The largest clothing and textile-producing region in the United States
Industrial Regions; Southeastern Ontario
Inexpensive energy in the region has attracted such varied industries as aluminum manufacturing, paper making, flour mills, textile manufacturing and sugar refining
Industrial Regions; Volga
Industrial Regions; Japan
Became the world’s leading manufacturer of automobiles, ships, cameras, stereos, and televisions by the 1950s and 1960s
Industrial Regions; New England
The oldest industrial area in the United States. Developed as an industrial center in the early nineteenth century, beginning with cotton textiles
Industrial Regions; Middle Atlantic
The largest market in the United States that has numerous large ports, and it is where the financial services industry is concentrated
Industrial Regions; China
The world’s largest labor force was opened to trade after policy changes in the 1990s
Industrial Regions; Rhine-Ruhr Valley
This industrial area contains the world’s largest port, Rotterdam
Industrial Regions; Silesia
Eastern Europe’s leading industrial area outside the former Soviet Empire
production sometimes uses “moutain top removal”
coal
generally considered the cleanest of the fossil fuels
natural gas
dire geopolitical considerations with the production of this type energy
oil/petroleum
no carbon dioxide emissions, but deadly toxic waste produced
nuclear energy
production of this type of energy involves food costs as well
biomass/ethanol
few sites and huge costs make this type of energy an unlikely solution
hydroelectric
a very unreliable, if clean, type of renewable energy
wind
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