AP Human Geography UNIT 4 TEST

Cottage Industry

Home based manufacturing

Pre-Industry (before 1750)

• cottage industry

• people produce what they need or wish to sell in the home

• industry distributed across the land

Industrial Revolution

• improvements in technology that made production faster and more efficient

• factory-based industry replaced cottage industry

• James Watt’s Steam Engine provided the energy for factories

Effects of Industrial Revolution

• unskilled workers work in a factory

• textile industry is the first industry to change to the factory system

textile

cloth woven of silk, wool, cotton, or flax

urbanization

people move to the cities where factories are located for work

Transportation

• steam engine created the railroad industry

Transportation; railroad allowed:

• masses of workers to relocate near factories

• transport raw materials such as iron to factories

• finished factory products to be shipped to previously inaccessible markets

largest industrial producers are clustered into three regions

North America, Europe, East Asia

largest industrial producers (hint: there’s four)

China, United States, Japan, Germany

North America’s largest producer

United States

North America’s center of production

Rustbelt (Great Lakes Region)

Europe’s largest producers

Germany (west), Russia (east)

Europe’s center of production

• Western Europe: Rhine-Ruhr River Valley

• Eastern Europe: Volga River Valley

East Asia’s largest producers

China and Japan

East Asia’s center of production

Port Cities of Beijing, Shanghai, Tokyo

Energy consuming

LDCs consume more than MDCs

Largest energy consumers

• 1) China

• 2) United States

World Energy Demand

• World demand for energy is growing

  • As nations develop, they consume more energy.

  • As populations increase, they consume more energy

Fossil Fuels

• Fossilized plants/animal matter

• Limited and decreasing supplies.

Nuclear Energy

• Atom Splitting

• Limited and decreasing supplies

Renewable Energy

• Potentially unlimited supplies

Coal Reserves

• More proven reserves in MDCs

• Largest Reserves: China, Russia, US

Natural Gas

• More proven reserves in LDCs

• Largest Reserves: Russia, Iran, Qatar

Petroleum

• More proven reserves in LDCs

• Largest Reserves: Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Iran

Site factors

Characteristics of a particular place related to the costs of production

Three factors needed to produce any product

• land: raw materials from which a product is produced

• labor: workers who change raw materials into a product

• capital: tools, and/or money used to purchase tools to produce a product

Labor (% of industrial workers)

• China: 25%

• India: 20%

• MDCs: 20%

Labor Intensive Industries definition

Industries in which wages are the majority of the costs of production

Labor Intensive Industries

• often choose to locate near a large source of cheap labor

• textile is extremely labor intensive

  • most cloth production is located in LDCs where labor is very cheap

  • Assembly of finished products sometimes located in MDCs

Fordist Model

A form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly

Post-Fordist Model

Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform variety of tasks

Types of “Land”

• Raw materials needed to produce a product

• Energy used to produce products

• Actual land that factories can be built on

Early Factories

• located in cities where the price of land was high

• Early factories were tall, multi-story buildings

Modern Factories

• One story factories are more efficient

• raw materials enter at one end; product leave at the other end

• located on the periphery of cities where land is abundant and cheap

Situation factors

Characteristics of a place related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory

Transportation and costs

Transportation of inputs and products is a cost to producers

• inputs for production must be transported to the factory

• final products must be transported to the market

Alfred Weber

German economist that developed a theory explaining the location of TWO different types of industrial production known as, Least Cost Theory

What does the least cost theory explain?

the agglomeration of industries

Agglomeration

concentration of specific industries in location

What are producers always interested in?

Reducing costs

• reducing transportation costs depends on which types of industry (bulk reducing/gaining)

Bulk reducing (definition)

An industry where the production reduces the weight of the product

Bulk Gaining (definition)

An industry where the production increases the weight of the product

Bulk reducing industries

• industrial RESOURCES are very massive

• its very expensive to transport the resources to the marketplace

• processing of the resource is located as close to the source as possible

bulk reducing industries examples

• copper mining

• iron ore mining

• bauxite mining

Bulk Gaining Industries

• Industrial PRODUCTS are very massive

• its very expensive to transport the products to the marketplace

• Manufacture of the product is located as close to the market as possible

bulk gaining industry examples

• traditional manufacturing such as automobiles

• beverage industries

• perishable products

How many types of transportation are there?

four

What types of transportations are there?

air (airplane), ship, rail (trains), and truck

YOU CAN DO THIS!!!

I CAN DO THIS!!!

Air (airplane) transportation

• very limited capacity, most expensive, but fastest type of transport

• best transport for small, extremely perishable products

Air (airplane) transportation examples

• seafood (lobster, sushi-grade fish)

• documents

Ship transportation

• enormous capacity, low cost, but slow speed

• best transport for long distances

ship transportation examples

• automobiles

• trade goods

• oil

Rail (trains) transportation

• large capacity, low costs, but slower speed

• best transport for long distances when ships are unavailable

rail (trains) transportation examples

• grain

• minerals

• coal

Truck transportation

• limited capacity, more expensive, but faster speed

• best transport for smaller, more time-sensitive products

truck transportation examples

• bread

• milk

• produce

Break of Bulk Points

location where the transfer between types of transport is easiest (and cheapest)

ex. Cargo ship to Norfolk, and railroad is used from Norfolk to Saint Paul. Then a truck is used from Saint Paul to Fargo.

Environmental impact of industry

Pollution: air, waste, solid waste

• industry produces waste while producing products

Local Scale

• Carbon monoxide, and particulates create smog

• Health impacts for humans and animals at the local scale

• Most cities with the worst air quality are in East Asia

Regional Scale

• Sulfur dioxide produces “acid rain”

• located in major industrial regions: North America, Europe, East Asia

• the effects are generally not experienced at source

  • kills plants and animals

  • destroys marble or limestone structures

Global Scale

Carbon dioxide is the primary gas that causes Global Warming

• greenhouse effect

• MDCs are the largest producers

Greenhouse effect

• heat is trapped in the atmosphere

• alters climate, precipitation, patterns and increases forest fires

Point Source

single source of pollution (factory or power plant)

• industry uses water for cooling equipment and for waste disposal

• aquatic life may not be able to adapt to warmer conditions

What do MDCs do before discharging waste into water?

they “treat” the water

Why doesn’t LDCs use wastewater treatment facilities?

They can’t afford it

• Ganges river pollution

Sanitary Landfill

• concentration of chemical waste will eventually waste seep into the groundwater

• mining produces the most hazardous/toxic waste: heavy metals, PFCs

  • damage to the environment is forever

  • Woodbury and 3M

Emerging Industrial Regions

• Industry is more located in LDCs than MDCs

• Industry is expected to cluster in the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, China) nation in the future

New international Division of Labor

• Transnational corporation trade higher transportation costs for lower wages

• lower wages found mostly in LDCs

• high skilled workers remain in MDCs

Vertical Integration (hint: old method)

corporation owns all phases of production

Outsourcing (hint: new method)

corporations hire other companies to complete phases of production

• transnational corporations outsource to LDC companies

Maquiladoras

Factories that are located within a few miles of the US/Mexico border

• costs of transportation are offset by the savings on labor

pros of maquiladoras

• products sold in US are cheaper

cons of maquiladoras

• US industries relocate to MX

  • most job losses in US is due to automation

• Mexican labor is typically exploited

Textile; spinning and weaving

• done in LDCs

• 50% spinning in China and India

• 90% weaving in China and India

Textiles; Assembly

(transportation costs can offset wages)

• done in both MDCs and LDCs

Steel; Global production

1950: most steel production is in MDCs

2017: Most in LDCs

• China has all the ingredients for steel

• steel is essential for development for industry

• 50% of worlds steel is produced in China

Steel; US production

• traditionally steel production occurred in the Rustbelt (iron ore from MN)

• increasingly, iron ore comes from LDCs or scrap iron (recycling)

• there are fewer steel mills in the US

• location of remaining steel mills have moved away from Rustbelt

Changing Industry; North America

Moving from traditional Rustbelt to South/Southwest

• union wages are higher than non-union wages

• union membership is strong in the rustbelt region

Right to Work Laws

Laws that prohibit labor contracts that require workers to join unions

Changing industry; Europe

Moving from traditional Northwest to Eastern Europe

• former communist states of Eastern Europe are most recent members of EU

• wages are lower in former communist states

General location where wages are lowest

• LDCs

• Maquiladoras

• Southern US

• Eastern Europe

Industrial Regions; United Kingdom

Region that contains the first areas to enter the Industrial Revolution

Industrial Regions; Southern California

The largest clothing and textile-producing region in the United States

Industrial Regions; Southeastern Ontario

Inexpensive energy in the region has attracted such varied industries as aluminum manufacturing, paper making, flour mills, textile manufacturing and sugar refining

Industrial Regions; Volga

Industrial Regions; Japan

Became the world’s leading manufacturer of automobiles, ships, cameras, stereos, and televisions by the 1950s and 1960s

Industrial Regions; New England

The oldest industrial area in the United States. Developed as an industrial center in the early nineteenth century, beginning with cotton textiles

Industrial Regions; Middle Atlantic

The largest market in the United States that has numerous large ports, and it is where the financial services industry is concentrated

Industrial Regions; China

The world’s largest labor force was opened to trade after policy changes in the 1990s

Industrial Regions; Rhine-Ruhr Valley

This industrial area contains the world’s largest port, Rotterdam

Industrial Regions; Silesia

Eastern Europe’s leading industrial area outside the former Soviet Empire

production sometimes uses “moutain top removal”

coal

generally considered the cleanest of the fossil fuels

natural gas

dire geopolitical considerations with the production of this type energy

oil/petroleum

no carbon dioxide emissions, but deadly toxic waste produced

nuclear energy

production of this type of energy involves food costs as well

biomass/ethanol

few sites and huge costs make this type of energy an unlikely solution

hydroelectric

a very unreliable, if clean, type of renewable energy

wind