The Art Of Public Speaking: Stephen E. Lucas

Message

Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else

Channel

the means by which a message is communicated

Listener

the person who receives the speaker's message

Frame of reference

the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference.

Feedback

The message, usually nonverbal, sent from listener to a speaker.

Interference

anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners

Situation

the time and place in which speech communication occurs.

Ethnocentrism

the belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures

Ethics

- the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.

Ethical decisions

sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines.

Name- calling

the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups.

Bill of Rights

the first 10 amendments to the united states constitution

Plagiarism

Presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own

Global Plagiarism

Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own

Patchwork plagiarism

stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own.

Incremental plagiarism

failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

Paraphrase

To restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words

Hearing

the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain

Listening

paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear.

Appreciative listening

listening for pleasure or enjoyment.

Empathic listening

listening to provide emotional support for a speaker

Comprehensive listening

listening to understanding the message of the speaker

Critical listening

listening to evaluate a message for purpose of accepting or rejecting it.

Spare "brain time"

the difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 150 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language

Active listening

giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view

Key- word outline

an outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form

Topic

the subject of a speech

Brainstorming

a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas.

General purpose

the broad goal of a speech

Specific purpose

a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech

Central idea

a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech

Residual message

what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech

Audience-centeredness

Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation

Identification

A process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences

Egocentrism

the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well -being

Demographic audience analysis

- audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background.

Stereotyping

creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike.

Situational audience analysis

- Audience analysis the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion

Attitude

- a frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, ect.

Fixed-alternative questions

questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives

Scale questions

questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers.

Open- ended questions

questions that allow respondents to answer however they want.

catalogue

a listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library

call number

a number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves.

newspaper and periodical database

a research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers.

abstract

a summary of a magazine or a journel article, written by someone other than the original author

reference work

a work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers

general encyclopedia

a comprehensive reference work that provides information about all branches of human knowledge

special encyclopedia

a comprehensive reference work devoted to a specific subject such as religion, art, law, science, music, etc

yearbook

a reference work published annually that contains information about the previous year

biographical aid

a reference work that provides information about people

virtual library

a search engine that combines interent technology with traditional library methods cataloguing and assessing data

sponsoring organization

an organization that in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet

research interview

an interview conducted to gather information for a speech

preliminary bibliography

a list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic

supporting materials

the materials used to support a speaker's ideas. the three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony

example

a specific cas used to illustrate or to represent a group of people, ideas,conditions, experiences, or the like

brief example

a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point

extended example

a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point

hypothetical example

an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation

statistics

numerical data

mean

the average value of a group of numbers

median

the middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest

mode

the number that appears the most

testimony

quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

expert testimony

testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields

peer testimony

testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

direct quotation

testimony that is presented word for word

paraphrase

to restate or summarize a source's ideas in one's own words

quoting out of context

quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it

strategic organization

putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience

main points

the major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain from two to five main points

chronological order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

spatial order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern

casual order

a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause - effect relationship

problem-solution order

a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with te existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

topical order

a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

supporting materials

the materials used to support a speaker's ideas. the three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony

connective

a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them

transition

a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another

internal preview

a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next

internal summary

a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points

signpost

a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas

rhetorical question

a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out load

credibility

the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic

goodwill

the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind

preview statement

a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body

crescendo ending

a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity

dissolve ending

a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

preparation outline

a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech

visual framework

the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationship among the speaker's ideas

bibliography

a list of all the sources used in preparing a speech

speaking outline

a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech

delivery cues

directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she wants to deliver key parts of the speech

denotative meaning

the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

connotative meaning

the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

thesaurus

a book of synonyms

concrete words

words that refer to tangible objects

abstract words

words that refer to ideas or concepts

clutter

discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea